Methods and apparatus to generate graphics processing unit long instruction traces

ABSTRACT

Methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture are disclosed to generate a graphics processing unit (GPU) long instruction trace (GLIT). An example apparatus includes at least one memory, and at least one processor to execute instructions to at least identify a first routine based on an identifier of a second routine executed by the GPU, the first routine based on an emulation of the second routine, execute the first routine to determine a first value of a GPU state of the GPU, the first routine having (i) a first argument associated with the second routine and (ii) a second argument corresponding to a second value of the GPU state prior to executing the first routine, and control a workload of the GPU based on the first value of the GPU state.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates generally to computers and, more particularly,to methods and apparatus to generate graphics processing unit longinstruction traces.

BACKGROUND

Software developers seek to develop code that may be executed asefficiently as possible. To better understand code execution, profilingis used to measure different code execution statistics such as, forexample, execution time, memory consumption, etc. In some examples,profiling is implemented by insertion of profiling instructions into thecode. Such profiling instructions can be used to store and analyzeinformation about the code execution.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example graphics processingunit long instruction trace (GLIT) engine inserting profilinginstructions into an example graphics processing unit (GPU) kernel to beexecuted by an example GPU.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of an example implementation of an exampleportion of the GPU of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 depicts an example format of an example long instruction trace.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example implementation of the GLITengine of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is an illustration of an example system that may implement theexample GPU of FIG. 1 and/or the example GPU portion of FIG. 2 tocontrol operation of an example execution unit hardware thread.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of an example GPU long instruction trace(GLIT) for the example GPU of FIG. 1 and/or the example GPU portion ofFIG. 2.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of an example system to generate and analyzethe GLIT of FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of an example system to emulate and analyzethe GLIT of FIG. 6.

FIG. 9 depicts an example kernel and an example instrumented kernel.

FIG. 10 is an illustration of an example workflow to emulate executionof the example instrumented kernel of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 depicts example source code to emulate execution of the exampleinstrumented kernel of FIG. 9.

FIG. 12 depicts example source code to emulate execution of an examplesoftware thread.

FIG. 13 depicts example source code to emulate execution of an exampleinstrumented software thread.

FIG. 14 depicts example source code to implement an emulation routine.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart representative of machine readable instructionsthat may be executed to implement the GLIT engine of FIGS. 1 and/or 4 toimprove operation of the example GPU of FIG. 1 and/or the example GPUportion of FIG. 2.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart representative of machine readable instructionsthat may be executed to implement the GLIT engine of FIGS. 1 and/or 4 toemulate one or more example GLITs.

FIG. 17 is another flowchart representative of machine readableinstructions that may be executed to implement the GLIT engine of FIGS.1 and/or 4 to improve operation of the example GPU of FIG. 1 and/or theexample GPU portion of FIG. 2.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an example processing platform structuredto execute the machine readable instructions of FIGS. 11-17 to implementthe example GLIT engine of FIGS. 1 and/or 4.

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of an example software distribution platformto distribute software (e.g., software corresponding to the examplecomputer readable instructions of FIGS. 11-17) to client devices such asconsumers (e.g., for license, sale and/or use), retailers (e.g., forsale, re-sale, license, and/or sub-license), and/or original equipmentmanufacturers (OEMs) (e.g., for inclusion in products to be distributedto, for example, retailers and/or to direct buy customers).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The figures are not to scale. In general, the same reference numberswill be used throughout the drawing(s) and accompanying writtendescription to refer to the same or like parts. As used herein,connection references (e.g., attached, coupled, connected, and joined)may include intermediate members between the elements referenced by theconnection reference and/or relative movement between those elementsunless otherwise indicated. As such, connection references do notnecessarily infer that two elements are directly connected and/or infixed relation to each other.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, descriptors such as “first,”“second,” “third,” etc., are used herein without imputing or otherwiseindicating any meaning of priority, physical order, arrangement in alist, and/or ordering in any way, but are merely used as labels and/orarbitrary names to distinguish elements for ease of understanding thedisclosed examples. In some examples, the descriptor “first” may be usedto refer to an element in the detailed description, while the sameelement may be referred to in a claim with a different descriptor suchas “second” or “third.” In such instances, it should be understood thatsuch descriptors are used merely for identifying those elementsdistinctly that might, for example, otherwise share a same name.

Developers want to create the most computationally efficient machinereadable code to perform their desired task on a processor, such as acentral processing unit (CPU). In some instances, developers createmachine readable code for a CPU and analyze the efficiency of themachine readable code with a CPU simulator that executes LongInstruction Traces (LITs). A LIT is a snapshot of an architectural stateof the CPU. The architectural state may include a state of systemmemory, which may include values of memory registers that are associatedwith the CPU. Some such LITs may include a list of system interruptsthat are needed to simulate system events such as direct memory access(DMA) traffic. Some such LITs include an entire snapshot of the systemmemory in response to executing user and/or kernel instructions.

Developers may develop a CPU kernel and use a profiler and/or profilingsystem to collect operational statistics (e.g., operational parameters,performance statistics, etc.) of the CPU kernel to gain a betterunderstanding of the efficiency of the CPU kernel as executed by theCPU. Profilers insert additional instructions into the CPU kernel tocollect such operational statistics. Such profilers and/or profilingsystems may be used to determine utilization of the CPU. Such profilersand/or profiling systems may determine the utilization of the CPUbecause an operating system running on the CPU provides visibility ofthe CPU utilization for each of the cores and threads of the CPU.Developers may not be able to utilize such LIT and/or profilingtechniques on alternatives types of processors, such as graphicsprocessing unit (GPU).

A GPU is an electronic circuit that executes instructions to modifycontents of a buffer. Typically, the buffer is a frame buffer that isused to output information to a display device (e.g., a monitor, atouchscreen, etc.). Recently, GPUs have been used for tasks that are notnecessarily related to generating output images.

GPUs execute instruction packages commonly referred to as kernels,compute kernels, and/or shaders. The term kernel is used for generalpurpose computational tasks such as, for example, Open ComputingLanguage (OpenCL) tasks, C for Media tasks, etc. Typically, the termshader is used when a kernel is used for graphics-related tasks such as,for example, DirectX, Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) tasks, pixelshader/shading tasks, vertex shader/shading tasks, etc. While exampleapproaches disclosed herein use the term kernel, such approaches areequally well suited to be used on shaders. Such kernels roughlycorrespond to an inner loop of a program that is iterated multipletimes. As used herein, a GPU kernel refers to a kernel in binary format.A GPU programmer develops kernels/shaders in a high-level programminglanguage such as, for example, a High-Level Shader Language (HLSL),OpenCL, etc., and then compiles the code into a binary version of thekernel, which is then executed by a GPU. Example approaches disclosedherein are applied to the binary version of the kernel.

Much like CPU developers, GPU developers also desire to create the mostcomputationally efficient machine readable code to perform their desiredtask on a GPU. However, profilers and/or profiling systems may not beefficient for GPU developers to analyze their machine readable code.Unlike CPUs, which have an operating system running on them, GPUs do nothave an operating system running on them and, therefore, do not have anability on the GPUs to measure operational statistics, such as busy andidle time intervals, values of registers in response to an execution ofthe kernel, etc., at the granularity of the execution units and hardwarethreads of the GPUs. Some GPU device vendors provide GPU profilingtools, but such tools are limited and are not efficient in dynamicallyapplying intricate analysis of a GPU workload at the level of eachspecific GPU instruction without compromising the performance of GPUexecution.

Examples disclosed herein improve GPU profiling, which may be used toidentify improvements in GPU operation, by generating and analyzing GPUlong instruction traces (GLITs). In some disclosed examples, the GLITscapture states of a GPU (e.g., GPU states) in response to the GPUexecuting an instrumented kernel (e.g., an instrumented GPU kernel).Some examples disclosed herein improve operation of the GPU by measuringoperating parameters of the GPU based on an analysis of the GLITs anddetermining whether to adjust operation of the GPU based on the measuredoperating parameters. In some disclosed examples, a processor, such as aCPU, can determine one or more operating parameters (e.g., operationalstatistics, performance statistics, etc.) associated with the GPUincluding at least one of a GPU state, an execution time parameter, abusy time parameter, an idle time parameter, an occupancy timeparameter, or a utilization parameter based on the GLITs.

As used herein, an instrumented kernel refers to a kernel that includesprofiling and/or tracing instructions to be executed by hardware, that,when executed, measures statistics and/or monitors execution(s) of thekernel. As used herein, a GPU state refers to one or more first valuesstored in a general-purpose register file (GRF) and/or one or moresecond values stored in an architecture register file (ARF) associatedwith a hardware thread of the GPU. For example, a GPU can have ahardware thread that has a GRF including a plurality of first registersand an ARF that includes a plurality of second registers. In suchexamples, a first value of a first one of the GRF registers may be afirst GPU state, a first value of a first one of the ARF registers maybe a second GPU state, etc.

As used herein, an execution time of the GPU refers to a time interval,a time duration, etc., in which a hardware thread of the GPU, and/or,more generally, the GPU, uses to execute a kernel (e.g., an instrumentedkernel). As used herein, a busy time of the GPU refers to a timeinterval, a time duration, etc., when a hardware thread of the GPU isbusy executing a computational task. As used herein, an idle time of theGPU refers to a time interval, a time duration, etc., when a hardwarethread of the GPU is not executing a computational task. As used herein,an occupancy of the GPU refers to a set of busy and/or idle timeintervals associated with an execution unit and/or hardware thread ofthe GPU during execution of one or more computational tasks. As usedherein, utilization of the GPU refers to a ratio of the busy time and atotal time associated with the execution of the one or morecomputational tasks.

In some disclosed examples, the CPU inserts additional instructions intokernels to collect information corresponding to the one or moreoperating parameters associated with execution(s) of the kernels.Additional instructions may include profiling instructions to instructthe GPU to generate a GLIT, which may include, record, and/or otherwisestore a hardware thread identifier (TID), a GPU state of a hardwarethread, an opcode to identify a GPU instruction, a type of GPUinstruction (e.g., a “read SEND” or End-of-Thread (EOT) instruction),timestamps associated with a start and/or end time of an execution ofthe kernel, etc., and/or a combination thereof. For example, when theGPU executes a kernel that includes the additional instructions, the GPUcan store (i) a first value of a GRF register prior to executing thekernel, (ii) a second value of the GRF register after executing thekernel in a GLIT, and/or (iii) a hardware thread identifiercorresponding to a hardware thread that executed the kernel. The GPU canstore the GLIT in a trace buffer in memory.

In some disclosed examples, the CPU can obtain the GLIT from the tracebuffer and replay the GLIT for GPU analysis. For example, the CPU canemulate execution of the kernel based on the first value and/or thesecond value of the GRF register. In some examples, the CPU can registercallback routines (e.g., register with a software application, anoperating system (OS), etc., and/or a combination thereof) to provideoutput data from the emulated execution of the kernel to a GPU profilingtool to determine one or more operating parameters associated with theGPU. Advantageously, the GPU profiling tool may be utilized to determinean efficiency of the kernel as executed by the GPU. For example, the GPUprofiling tool can determine that the GPU can execute additionalcomputational tasks, fewer additional computational tasks, etc., basedon the one or more operating parameters and, thus, may identifyimprovements to the kernel, and/or, more generally, to operation of theGPU, scheduling operations of the CPU, etc.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example system 100 includingan example GPU long instruction trace (GLIT) engine 102 insertingexample profiling instructions 104A-104C into a first example kernel 106to generate a second example kernel 108. In this example, the firstkernel 106 is a GPU kernel to be executed by an example GPU 110. In thisexample, the second kernel 108 is an instrumented kernel (e.g., aninstrumented GPU kernel). Alternatively, the first kernel 106 may be anyother type of kernel, such as a kernel to be executed by a neuralnetwork processor, a vision processing unit (VPU), etc.

The GPU 110 may be implemented by a plurality of execution unitsarranged in slices (e.g., GPU slices). For example, the GPU 110 may beimplemented by a plurality of slices (e.g., 3 slices, 6 slices, 12slices, etc.). An example implementation of a GPU slice 200 is depictedin the illustrated example of FIG. 2. Turning to FIG. 2, the GPU slice200 includes three example subslices 202 and twenty-four exampleexecution units 204. In this example, each of the sub slices 202includes eight of the execution units 204. The execution units 204 areindependent computational units used for execution of three-dimensional(3-D) shaders, media, and general processing graphics processing unit(GPGPU) kernels. For example, the execution units 204 may be implementedwith multi-threaded hardware that is capable of executing multi-issuesingle instruction, multiple data (SIMD) operations. In this example,each of the execution units 204 may be implemented with seven examplethreads (e.g., hardware threads, GPU threads, etc.) 206.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 2, the GPU slice 200 includes examplefixed function units 207 that are in communication with one(s) of thesubslices 202. The fixed function units 207 may be implemented byhardware that is partially and/or otherwise not fully programmable(e.g., by a user, an application, etc.). Alternatively, the GPU slice200 may not include the fixed function units 207. For example, the fixedfunction units 207 may be emulated by and/or otherwise implemented byprogrammable shaders.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 2, the GPU slice 200 includes examplecache memory 210. In this example, the cache memory 210 is implementedby level three (L3) data cache that includes example atomic barriers 212and example shared local memory 214. Alternatively, the cache memory 210may be implemented with any other type of memory, data storage, etc.

In the illustration example of FIG. 2, one(s) of the subslices 202 arein communication with the cache memory 210 via at least one of anexample sampler (e.g., a texture sampler) 216 or an example data port218. In some examples, the sampler 216 may be implemented asself-contained functional block (e.g., hardware, firmware, and/orsoftware block) within the Graphics Core. In some examples, the sampler216 may receive messages from other agents in the Graphics Core, fetchdata from external memory sources, which may be referred to as“surfaces,” perform operations on the data, and/or return the results instandard formats to the requester (or directly to an intermediate memorybuffer (e.g., a Render Target Texture (RTT)) if requested). In someexamples, the sampler 216 may return a filtered/blended pixel from alocation in a texture map.

In this example, the sampler 216 and/or the data port 218 may read datafrom the cache memory 210 at a rate of sixty-four bytes per cycle. Forexample, the sampler 216 can sample GPU states of one(s) of the threads208 of the execution units 204 by reading values from first register(s)of the corresponding ARF(s) and/or second register(s) of thecorresponding GRF(s) implemented by the one(s) of the threads 208.Alternatively, the sampler 216 and/or the data port 218 may read datafrom the cache memory 210 at any other rate. In this example, the dataport 218 may write data to the cache memory 210 at a rate of sixty-fourbytes per cycle. Alternatively, the data port 218 may write data to thecache memory 210 at any other rate.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 2, one(s) of the execution units 204are in communication with an example local thread dispatcher 220. Inthis example, the local thread dispatcher 220 may be implemented withhardware that obtains instructions, such as the second kernel 108 ofFIG. 1, and stores the instructions in an example instruction cache 222.For example, the instruction cache 222 may be implemented with memory(e.g., nonvolatile memory, volatile memory, etc.) that can storeinstructions.

In this example, the local thread dispatcher 220 can dispatch,distribute, and/or otherwise transmit instructions, such as the secondkernel 108, to one(s) of the execution units 204 for execution. Forexample, the local thread dispatcher 220 can spread instances of thesecond kernel 108 to available one(s) of the execution units 204 forexecution. In some examples, hundreds or even thousands of instances ofthe second kernel 108 may run and/or otherwise execute in parallel onthe available one(s) of the execution units 204, with each one(s) of theexecution units 204 processing a subset or portion of data as intendedby an application, such as the application 120 of FIG. 1. As usedherein, a “job” or a “software thread” may refer to an instance ofdispatching the second kernel 108 to one of the threads 208, and/or,more generally, to one of the execution units 204.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 2, one(s) of the execution units 204receive and/or otherwise obtain instructions (e.g., kernels) to beexecuted from an example instruction fetch interface 224. For example,one(s) of the execution units 204 may obtain a kernel, such as thesecond kernel 108 of FIG. 1, to execute from the instruction fetchinterface 224. The instruction fetch interface 224 may allocate thekernel to one(s) of the threads 208 of the execution unit 204. In thisexample, one(s) of the threads 208 may each be implemented with 12832-byte registers. For example, one(s) of the threads 208 may each havean example general-purpose register file (GRF) and an examplearchitectural register file (ARF). Data read or written by the threads208 may be stored in the corresponding one of the threads 208 GRF. Inthis example, a GRF may be implemented with 128 general registers withone(s) of the general registers each storing thirty-two bytes. A dataelement address within the GRF may be denoted by a register number(e.g., r0 to r127 for a 128 general register GRF) and a subregisternumber.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 2, an ARF may be implemented with aregister file including registers used to implement specific InstructionSet Architecture (ISA) features. For example, instruction pointersand/or condition flags may be implemented with the ARF registers. Asused herein, “ISA features” refer to processor aspects visible toprograms and programmers (e.g., developers) and independent of aparticular implementation, including data types, registers, memoryaccess, addressing modes, exceptions, instruction encodings, and theinstruction set itself In some examples, a hardware thread of a GPU,such one(s) of the threads 208, can execute instructions that correspondto the ISA features. In some examples, each instruction may be a vectorinstruction that can operate in different SIMD modes on differentfloating-point and integer data types. In some examples, each of theinstructions may have a corresponding opcode. For example, a GPUarchitecture may support a limited number of opcodes (e.g., 60 opcodes,80 opcodes, 100 opcodes, etc.).

In the illustrated example of FIG. 2, one(s) of the threads 208 may bein communication with an example thread arbiter 226. In this example,the thread arbiter 226 may be implemented with hardware that obtainsdata output(s) from the threads 208 and determine whether the dataoutput(s) correspond to example SEND instructions 228, branchinstructions 230, or example SIMD floating point unit (FPU) instructions232. In this example, the SEND instructions 228 may be generated by thethreads 208 in response to the threads 208 terminating execution ofkernels. In this example, the branch instructions 230 may be generatedby threads 208 in response to executing kernels including conditionalinstructions, such as an “if,” “do,” “while,” etc., instruction. In thisexample, the FPU instructions 232 may be generated by the threads 208 inresponse to the threads executing floating point calculations.

Turning back to the illustrated example of FIG. 1, the GPU 110 mayexecute the profiling instructions 104A-104C to generate example GLITs112. In this example, the GPU 110 stores the GLITs 112 in an exampletrace buffer 114. In this example, the trace buffer 114 is stored inexample memory 116. The GLITs 112 include GLIT data generated and/orotherwise outputted by the GPU 110 in response to executing theprofiling instructions 104A-104C included in the second kernel 108, inresponse to being configured by the GLIT engine 102 to generate the GLITdata, etc. For example, the GLITs 112 may include GLIT data thatimplements and/or otherwise stores a snapshot of an architectural stateof the GPU 110. In some examples, the architectural state of the GPU 110can include first values stored in a GRF and/or one second values storedin an ARF associated with hardware thread(s), such as the threads 208 ofFIG. 2, of the GPU 110. In some examples, the GLITs 112 store dataassociated with one(s) of the SEND instructions 228, the branchinstructions 230, or the SIMD FPU instructions 232 of FIG. 2 and/orcorresponding timestamps. The GLIT engine 102 may obtain and analyze theGLITs 112 to better understand the execution of the second kernel 108 bythe GPU 110. The GLIT engine 102 may determine to adjust operation ofthe GPU 110 based on an analysis of the GLITs 112.

In some examples, the profiling instructions 104A-104C are profileroutines (e.g., machine readable code, firmware and/or software profileroutines, etc.), when executed by the GPU 110, generate, determine,and/or store operational information such as, counters, hardware threadidentifiers, register values, timestamps, etc., that can be used tobetter understand the execution of the second kernel 108. For example,the profiling instructions 104A-104C may profile and/or otherwisecharacterize an execution of the second kernel 108 by the GPU 110.

In some examples, the profiling instructions 104A-104C are inserted at afirst address (e.g., a first position) of a kernel (e.g., the beginningof the first kernel 106) to initialize variables used for profiling. Insome examples, the profiling instructions 104A-104C are inserted atlocations intermediate the original instructions (e.g., between one(s)of the instructions of the first kernel 106). In some examples, theprofiling instructions 104A-104C are inserted at a second address (e.g.,a second position) of the kernel (e.g., after the instructions from thefirst kernel 106) and, when executed, cause the GPU 110 to collectand/or otherwise store the metrics that are accessible by the GLITengine 102. In some examples, the profiling instructions 104A-104C areinserted at the end of the kernel (e.g., the first kernel 106) toperform cleanup (e.g., freeing memory locations, etc.). However, suchprofiling instructions 104A-104C may additionally or alternatively beinserted at any location or position and in any order.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1, an example CPU 118 includes and/orotherwise implements the GLIT engine 102, an example application 120, anexample GPU driver 122, and an example GPU compiler 124. The application120 is a software application that may be used to display an output fromthe GPU 110 on one or more display devices when the GPU 110 executesgraphics-related tasks such as, for example, DirectX tasks, OpenGLtasks, pixel shader/shading tasks, vertex shader/shading tasks, etc. Insome examples, the application 120 may be implemented with one or moredynamic link libraries (DLLs). Additionally or alternatively, theapplication 120 may be used to display and/or otherwise process outputsfrom the GPU 110 when the GPU 110 executes non-graphics related tasks.Additionally or alternatively, the application 120 may be used by a GPUprogrammer to facilitate development of kernels/shaders in a high-levelprogramming language such as, for example, HLSL, OpenCL, etc. Forexample, the application 120 can be a profiling tool, such as a GPUprofiling tool, a GPU analysis tool, etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1, the application 120 transmitstasks (e.g., computational tasks, graphics-related tasks, non-graphicsrelated tasks, etc.) to the GPU driver 122. In some examples, the GPUdriver 122 receives the tasks and instructs the GPU compiler 124 tocompile code associated with the tasks into a binary version (e.g., abinary format corresponding to binary code, binary instructions, machinereadable instructions, etc.) to generate the first kernel 106. The GPUcompiler 124 transmits the compiled binary version of the first kernel106 to the GPU driver 122.

In some examples, the GLIT engine 102 configures, programs, and/orotherwise controls the GPU 110 to output data to the trace buffer 114.For example, the GLIT engine 102 may instruct the GPU driver 122 tocontrol the GPU 110 to dump and/or otherwise output GLIT data, such asdata and/or information described below in FIG. 3, at specific points ofexecution of a kernel, such as the first kernel 106 or the second kernel108. In some examples, the GLIT engine 102 may instruct the GPU driver122 to cause the GPU 110 to output data associated with an instructionto be executed by the GPU 110 to the trace buffer 114. For example, theGLIT engine 102 may cause the GPU 110 to output data associated with aGPU instruction (e.g., an instruction included in the first kernel 106,the second kernel 108, etc.), a device access instruction (e.g., amemory access instruction, an instruction to be executed by the GPU 110that causes the GPU 110 to access the sampler 216, the cache memory 210,etc., of FIG. 2, etc.), etc.

In some examples, in response to the GPU 110 executing the GPUinstruction (e.g., an addition instruction, a move instruction, etc.)the GPU 110 may output the GPU instruction, a first value of a registerprior to executing the GPU instruction, a second value of the registerafter executing the GPU instruction, etc., to the trace buffer 114. Insome examples, in response to the GPU 110 executing the device accessinstruction to cause the GPU 110 to transmit a register value to thesampler 216, the GPU 110 may output the device access instruction, theregister value, etc., to the trace buffer 114. Advantageously, in somesuch examples, the GLIT engine 102 may control the GPU 110 to outputGLIT data to the trace buffer 114 without instrumenting a kernel.

In some examples, the GLIT engine 102 may control the GPU 110 to outputGLIT data to the trace buffer 114 via binary instrumentation. Forexample, the GLIT engine 102 may obtain the first kernel 106 (e.g., in abinary format) from the GPU driver 122. The GLIT engine 102 mayinstrument the first kernel 106 by inserting additional instructions,such as the profiling instructions 104A-104C, into the first kernel 106.For example, the GLIT engine 102 may modify the first kernel 106 tocreate an instrumented GPU kernel, such as the second kernel 108. Thatis, the GLIT engine 102 creates the second kernel 108 without executingany compilation of the first kernel 106. In this manner,already-compiled GPU kernels can be instrumented and/or profiled. Thesecond kernel 108 is passed to the GPU 110 via the memory 116. Forexample, the GLIT engine 102 can transmit the second kernel 108 to theGPU driver 122, which, in turn, may store the second kernel 108 in thememory 116 for retrieval by the GPU 110.

In some examples, the GPU 110 executes the profiling instructions104A-104C to generate one or more of the GLITs 112. In this example, theprofiling instructions 104A-104C include a first example profilinginstruction 104 of “TRACE (0, TID)” inserted at a first position, wherethe first profiling instruction 104A corresponds to generating a trace(e.g., one of the GLITs 112). For example, the trace may refer to asequence of data records that are written (e.g., dynamically written)into a memory buffer, such as the trace buffer 114. In some examples,the first trace operation may be implemented with a read operation of aregister (e.g., a hardware register) associated with a hardware threadand a store operation of a first value read from the register in a firstvariable. In such examples, the first trace operation may be implementedby generating a first one of the GLITs 112 to include (i) the firstvalue and/or (ii) a thread identifier (TID) associated with a hardwarethread that accessed the register.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1, the profiling instructions104A-104C include a second example profiling instruction 104B of “TRACE(1, TID)” inserted at a second position, where the second profilinginstruction 104B corresponds to a second trace operation. In someexamples, the second trace operation may be implemented with a readoperation of the register associated with the hardware thread and astore operation of a second value read from the register in a secondvariable. For example, the second value may be different from the firstvalue of the first trace operation because the second value may begenerated in response to the GPU 110 executing the second kernel 108. Insuch examples, the second trace operation may be implemented bygenerating a second one of the GLITs 112 to include (i) the second valueand/or (ii) the TID associated with the hardware thread that accessedthe register.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1, the profiling instructions104A-104C include a third example profiling instruction 104C of “TRACE(2, TID)” inserted at a third position, where the third profilinginstruction 104C corresponds to a third trace operation. In someexamples, the third trace operation may be implemented with a readoperation of the register associated with the hardware thread and astore operation of a third value read from the register in a thirdvariable. For example, the third value may be different from the firstvalue of the first trace operation and/or the second value of the secondtrace operation because the third value may be generated in response tothe GPU 110 executing the second kernel 108. In such examples, the thirdtrace operation may be implemented by generating a third one of theGLITs 112 to include (i) the third value and/or (ii) the TID associatedwith the hardware thread that accessed the register.

In some examples, in response to executing the profiling instructions104A-104C, and/or, more generally, the second kernel 108, the GPU 110stores the GLITs 112 in the trace buffer 114. The trace buffer 114includes example records (e.g., data records) 126 that may implement theGLITs 112. For example, the records 126 may implement GLIT data from theGPU 110. In some examples, the records 126, and/or, more generally, theGLITs 112, may be encoded in a binary format based on an example GLITformat 300 depicted in the illustrated example of FIG. 3.

Turning to FIG. 3, the GLIT format 300 is depicted in plaintext and maybe representative of, and/or otherwise correspond to, an example binarydata format that may implement one(s) of the GLITs 112 of FIG. 1. Forexample, the GLIT format 300 may be used to implement an example binaryfile (e.g., an encoded binary file) that may be used by the GPU 110 tostore the GLIT(s) 112. Alternatively, the GLIT format 300 may beimplemented using any other format.

In some examples, the CPU 118 of FIG. 1 may obtain the records 126 fromthe trace buffer 114. In such examples, the CPU 118 may generate one ofthe GLIT(s) 112 to include one(s) of the records 126 based on the GLITformat 300. In some examples, the GLIT format 300 may be implemented asa buffer in an encoded binary format that includes a plurality ofexample records (e.g., data records) 302. For example, the records 302may implement the records 126 of FIG. 1. In such examples, a first oneof the records 302 may correspond to a first one of the records 126 ofFIG. 1.

In some examples, the GLIT format 300 may be generated in an atomicmanner. For example, the GPU 110 may sequentially generate the GLIT(s)112 in the GLIT format 300 where a first one of the records 302 isadjacent to a second one of the records 302 and where the first one ofthe records 302 is generated prior to the second one of the records 302.Alternatively, the GLIT(s) 112 having the GLIT format 300 may begenerated in a different manner than atomic, such as with a round-robintechnique. The GPU 110 may generate the records 302 from a plurality ofhardware threads, such as the threads 208 of FIG. 2.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 3, the GLIT format 300 includes onesof the data records 302 that are administrative in nature, such as aformat version (VERSION) of the GLIT format 300, a GEN model identifier(GEN MODEL ID), etc. For example, the GEN MODEL ID may refer to aparticular architecture of the GPU 110. In some examples, the CPU 118may determine a behavior, a specification, etc., of the GPU 110 based onthe GEN MODEL ID.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 3, the GLIT format 300 includesdecoded information of an instruction of a kernel, such as the secondkernel 108 of FIG. 1. For example, INST_DECODE_T INST0 may correspond toa decoded version of a first kernel instruction, such as INSTR1 DST,SRC1, SRC2 of FIG. 1 of the second kernel 108. In some examples,INST_DECODE_T INST1 may correspond to a decoded version of a secondkernel instruction, such as INSTR2 DST, SRC1, SRC2 of FIG. 1 of thesecond kernel 108. In some examples, the decoded kernel instructions mayimplement decoded GLIT data that may be used by the GLIT engine 102 toemulate and/or otherwise simulate execution of the instructions of thesecond kernel 108 by the GPU 110.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 3, the GLIT format 300 includesexample operating parameters such as a number of instructions (NUMBER OFINSTRUCTIONS) (e.g., a number of the instructions of the second kernel108), a number of relevant basic blocks (BBLs) (NUMBER OF RELEVANTBBLs), a number of SEND instructions (NUM OF SENDS) (e.g., a number ofthe SEND instructions 228 of FIG. 2), data associated with each of theSEND instructions (e.g., SEND0 DATA, SEND1 DATA, etc.), a maximum numberof hardware threads (MAX NUM OF HW THREADS) (e.g., a maximum number ofthe threads 208 of FIG. 2), a hardware thread identifier count (HW TIDCOUNT), etc. For example, a BBL may refer to a contiguous set ofinstructions having singular entry and exit points. In such examples, akernel, such as the second kernel 108, may be logically divided into oneor more BBLs. Additionally or alternatively, the GLIT 300 may includeoperating parameters corresponding to a different type of instruction,such as a load instruction. For example, NUM OF SENDS may be replacedwith a number of load instructions (NUM OF LOADS), SEND0 DATA may bereplaced with LOAD0 DATA, SEND0 DESTINATION VALUES may be replaced withLOAD0 DESTINATION VALUES, etc., and/or a combination thereof.

In some examples, the GLIT format 300 may be implemented to store dataassociated with a device access instruction, such as a SEND instruction,a READ SEND instruction, etc. For example, the GLIT format 300 mayinclude an offset value (OFFSET), a destination register (DST), a numberof registers (NUM OF REGS), etc. In some examples, the GLIT format 300may be implemented to include header data (e.g., CE, DMASK, CR0.0, etc.)associated with device access instruction data (e.g., SEND destinationvalue data, SEND0 DESTINATION VALUES, SEND1 DESTINATION VALUES, etc.),which may include a value of a first register of an ARF associated withthe GPU 110 (e.g., a CE register), a value of a second register of theARF (e.g., a dispatch mask (DMASK) register), etc. Additionally oralternatively, there may be fewer or more records than the records 302depicted in FIG. 3. Advantageously, the GLIT engine 102 may obtain theGLITs 112 of FIG. 1 that are based on and/or otherwise have the GLITformat 300, which may be used to improve profiling of the GPU 110.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 3, a GLIT based on the GLIT format300 may store data associated with a plurality of hardware threads, suchas the threads 208 of FIG. 2. For example, one of the GLIT(s) 112 basedon the GLIT format 300 may store first data corresponding to a first oneof the threads 208, second data corresponding to a second one of thethreads 208, etc. In this example, the first data may correspond to NUMOF BBL RECORDS, BBL ID, HEADER, SEND0 DESTINATION VALUES, SEND1DESTINATION VALUES, etc., which correspond to a first one of the threads208 having an identifier of TID 0. In this example, the second data maycorrespond to NUM OF BBL RECORDS, BBL ID, HEADER, SEND0 DESTINATIONVALUES, SEND1 DESTINATION VALUES, etc., which correspond to a second oneof the threads 208 having an identifier of TID 1. In this example, GLITformat 300 may list the first data, the second data, etc., in sequentialorder. Alternatively, the GLIT format 300 may list the first data, thesecond data, etc., in any other order and/or format.

Turning back to the illustrated example of FIG. 1, the GLIT engine 102retrieves (e.g., iteratively retrieves, periodically retrieves, etc.)the trace buffer 114 from the memory 116. In some examples, the GLITengine 102 determines one or more operating parameters associated withthe second kernel 108, and/or, more generally, the GPU 110. For example,the GLIT engine 102 may determine a GPU state, an execution timeparameter, a busy time parameter, an idle time parameter, an occupancytime parameter, and/or a utilization parameter associated with the GPU110. In some examples, the GLIT engine 102 adjusts operation of the GPU110 based on the one or more operating parameters. For example, the GLITengine 102 may instruct the CPU 118 to schedule an increased quantity ofinstructions to be performed by the GPU 110, a decreased quantity ofinstructions to be performed by the GPU 110, etc., based on the one ormore operating parameters.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1, the memory 116 includes one ormore kernels, such as the second kernel 108, the trace buffer 114, andexample GPU data 128. Alternatively, the memory 116 may not store theone or more kernels. In some examples, the memory 116 may be implementedby volatile memory, non-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory), etc.,and/or a combination thereof. In some examples, the GPU data 128corresponds to data generated by the GPU 110 in response to executing atleast the second kernel 108. For example, the GPU data 128 can includegraphics-related data, output information to a display device, etc.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example implementation of the GLITengine 102 of FIG. 1 to improve operation of the GPU 110 of FIG. 1. Insome examples, the GLIT engine 102 instruments binary shaders/kernelsprior to sending them to the GPU 110. The GLIT engine 102 can collectthe GLITs 112 of FIG. 1, which may be based on the GLIT format 300 ofFIG. 3, from the memory 116 of FIG. 1. The GLIT engine 102 can emulateoperation of the GPU 110 based on the records 126 stored in the GLITs112. The GLIT engine 102 can determine operating parameters associatedwith the GPU 110, which may be used to determine improvement(s) to theoperation of the GPU 110, the CPU 118, etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 4, the GLIT engine 102 includes anexample instruction generator 410, an example trace extractor 420, anexample trace emulator 430, an example trace analyzer 440, an examplehardware configurator 450, and example storage 460. In this example, thestorage 460 includes and/or otherwise stores example GLIT(s) 470. Inthis example, at least one of the instruction generator 410, the traceextractor 420, the trace emulator 430, the trace analyzer 440, thehardware configurator 450, and the storage 460 may be in communicationwith one(s) of each other via an example bus 480. For example, the bus480 may be implemented by an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus, aSerial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus, and/or a Peripheral ComponentInterconnect (PCI) bus.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 4, the GLIT engine 102 includes theinstruction generator 410 to instrument kernels such as the first kernel106 of FIG. 1. For example, the instruction generator 410 may access thefirst kernel 106 (e.g., access the first kernel 106 from memory includedin the CPU 118). The instruction generator 410 may instrument the firstkernel 106 to generate the second kernel 108 of FIG. 1. For example, theinstruction generator 410 may generate and insert binary code associatedwith the profiling instructions 104A-104C of FIG. 1 into the firstkernel 106 to generate the second kernel 108. In some examples, theinstruction generator 410 provides and/or otherwise transmits the secondkernel 108 to the GPU driver 122 of FIG. 1. In such examples, inresponse to obtaining the second kernel 108 from the instructiongenerator 410, the GPU driver 122 may store the second kernel 108 in thememory 116 for later retrieval by the GPU 110.

In some examples, the instruction generator 410 implements means forinserting one or more profile routines, such as one or more of theprofile instructions 104A-104C, in a kernel to be executed by one of thethread(s) 208 of the GPU 110. In some examples, the means for insertingmay be implemented by one or more analog or digital circuit(s), logiccircuits, programmable processor(s), programmable controller(s), GPU(s),digital signal processor(s) (DSP(s)), application specific integratedcircuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)) and/or fieldprogrammable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)) (e.g., field programmable gatearray(s) (FPGA(s))). In some examples, the means for inserting may beimplemented by at least one of block 1602 of FIG. 16 or block 1802 ofFIG. 18.

In some examples, the instruction generator 410 implements means forgenerating binary code (e.g., binary instructions, machine readableinstructions, etc.) based on the profiling instructions 104A-104C. Insome examples, the instruction generator 410 implements means forinserting the generated binary code into the first kernel 106 at one ormore places or positions within the first kernel 106 to generate thesecond kernel 108.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 4, the GLIT engine 102 includes thetrace extractor 420 to retrieve and/or otherwise collect the GLITs 112,and/or, more generally, the trace buffer 114, from the memory 116 ofFIG. 1. In some examples, the trace extractor 420 extracts the GLIT(s)112 from the trace buffer 114 and/or extracting the records 126 from theGLITs 112. In some examples, the trace extractor 420 processes the GLITs112 by traversing the GLITs 112 from a first position (e.g., abeginning) of the GLIT format 300 to a second position (e.g., an end) ofthe GLIT format 300 and extracting the records 126 along the way. Forexample, the trace extractor 420 can extract, identify, and/or otherwisedetermine a first one of the records 302 of FIG. 3, a second one of therecords 302, etc., from the GLIT format 300 of FIG. 3.

In some examples, the trace extractor 320 extracts the records 126 fromthe GLITs 112 by decoding the binary kernel representation of the GLIT112 to generate decoded binary data. In some examples, the traceextractor 320 extracts instruction identifiers and/or opcodes from thedecoded binary data. For example, the trace extractor 320 can extract aSEND instruction, a READ SEND instruction, a branch instruction, etc.,executed by the GPU 110, and a first opcode corresponding to the SENDinstruction, a second opcode corresponding to the branch instruction,etc. In some examples, the trace extractor 320 sorts and/or otherwisegroups one(s) of the records 126 based on at least one of an instructionidentifier or an opcode that correspond to the one(s) of the records126.

In some examples, the trace extractor 320 stores an association of theopcode and an emulation routine (e.g., machine readable code, a firmwareand/or software routine, etc.). For example, the trace extractor 320 canidentify that the first opcode corresponds to a first emulation routine.In such examples, the first emulation routine may be representative ofan algorithm, machine readable instructions, etc., that, when executed,mimic and/or otherwise execute the same or substantially similarfunction as the SEND instruction that corresponds to the first opcode.In some examples, the trace extractor 320 stores the records 126, theinstruction identifier, the opcode, the association, etc., in thestorage 460.

In some examples, the trace extractor 420 implements means foridentifying a first routine based on an identifier of a second routineexecuted by the GPU 110, the first routine based on an emulation of thesecond routine. In some examples, the trace extractor 420 implementsmeans for extracting the GLITs 112 from the trace buffer 114 and/orextracting the records 126 from the GLITs 112. In some examples, themeans for identifying and/or the means for extracting may be implementedby one or more analog or digital circuit(s), logic circuits,programmable processor(s), programmable controller(s), GPU(s), DSP(s),ASIC(s), PLD(s), and/or FPLD(s). In some examples, the means foridentifying may be implemented by at least one of blocks 1602, 1604,1606, 1608, of FIG. 16.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 4, the trace emulator 430 emulatesand/or otherwise replays the GLITs 112 of FIG. 1 to effectuate analysisof the operation of the GPU 110. For example, the trace emulator 430 mayreplay execution of the second kernel 108 by the GPU 110 based on datastored in the GLITs 112. In some examples, the trace emulator 430 mayreplay one or more executions of the second kernel 108 by respectiveones of the threads 208 of FIG. 2 based on the data stored in the GLITs112 that correspond to the respective ones of the threads 208. In someexamples, the trace emulator 430 executes emulation routines thatsimulate routines executed by the GPU 110. For example, the traceemulator 430 can retrieve one(s) of the data records 126 from the GLITs112 and enter the retrieved one(s) of the data records 126 as argumentsinto a first emulation routine that may simulate execution of aninstruction (e.g., an addition instruction, a subtraction instruction, amultiplication instruction, etc.) by the GPU 110. In such examples, theretrieved one(s) of the data records 126 can be the states of the GPU110, such as values of registers of the ARF, the GRF, etc., associatedwith a thread of interest to process of the GPU 110.

In some examples, the trace emulator 430 instruments the emulationroutines with callback routine(s) (e.g., callback instruction(s)) tofacilitate analysis by the application 120 of FIG. 1, a developer oruser associated with the CPU 118 of FIG. 1, etc. For example, the traceemulator 430 can include high-level language (HLL) instructions, whichmay be representative of machine readable instructions, into theemulation routines. In such examples, in response to the trace emulator430 executing the instrumented emulation routines, the trace emulator430 can invoke an API to provide and/or otherwise transmit output datain connection with execution of the instrumented emulation routines toan upper level analysis construct, such as the application 120.Advantageously, the trace emulator 430 may instrument and executeemulation routines to generate data and provide the data to a GPUprofiling tool, which may be used to identify improvement(s) tooperation of the GPU 110, the CPU 118, etc., and/or a combinationthereof.

In some examples, the trace emulator 430 implements means for executinga first routine to determine a first value of a GPU state of the GPU,the first routine having (i) a first argument associated with the secondroutine and (ii) a second argument corresponding to a second value ofthe GPU state prior to executing the first routine. In some examples,the GPU state is a state of a first register in an ARF associated with ahardware thread of the GPU or a second register of a GRF of the hardwarethread. In some examples, the identifier may be a first identifierextracted from an encoded binary file, and the means for executing is todetermine the first value, the second value, and a hardware threadidentifier from a long instruction trace generated by the hardwarethread in response to an execution of the one or more profile routinesby the hardware thread. In such examples, the first value can correspondto a GPU register value after an execution of the kernel by the hardwarethread, the second value can correspond to the GPU register value priorto the execution of the kernel by the hardware thread, and the hardwarethread identifier can identify the hardware thread.

In some examples, the means for executing is to determine one or morefirst register values of one or more respective first registers of a GRFof the GPU, determine one or more second register values of one or morerespective second registers of an ARF of the GPU, and/or store the oneor more first register values, the one or more second register values,one or more third register values, and a device access instruction(e.g., a SEND instruction, a READ SEND instruction, etc.) in a longinstruction trace, such as a GLIT. In some examples, the one or morethird registers can correspond to one or more respective destinationregisters associated with the device access instruction.

In some examples, the means for executing is to insert a first callbackroutine in an instrumented routine before an emulation routine, and thefirst callback routine may invoke a first application programminginterface (API) to provide the second GPU state to an application. Insome examples, the means for executing is to insert a second callbackroutine in the instrumented routine after the emulation routine, and thesecond callback routine may invoke the first API or a second API toprovide the first GPU state to the application.

In some examples, the means for executing may be implemented by one ormore analog or digital circuit(s), logic circuits, programmableprocessor(s), programmable controller(s), GPU(s), DSP(s), ASIC(s),PLD(s), and/or FPLD(s). In some examples, the means for executing may beimplemented by at least one of block 1508 of FIG. 15, blocks 1612, 1614,1616 of FIG. 16, or block 1714 of FIG. 17.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 4, the GLIT engine 102 includes thetrace analyzer 440 determine one or more operating parameters associatedwith the GPU 110 of FIG. 1. In some examples, the trace analyzer 440implements means for determining a GPU state, an execution timeparameter, a busy time parameter, an idle time parameter, an occupancytime parameter, and/or a utilization parameter associated with the GPU110. In some examples, the trace analyzer 440 determines the one or moreoperating parameters based on an emulation of operation of the GPU 110by replaying the GLIT 112. For example, the trace analyzer 440 maydetermine a GPU state for a first one of the threads 208 of FIG. 2 byidentifying a change in a register value of the GRF corresponding to thefirst one of the threads 208 in response to executing the second kernel108. In some examples, the trace analyzer 440 can calculate an executiontime parameter for the first one of the threads 208 by determining aquantity of time that the first one of threads needed to execute thesecond kernel 108. In some examples, the trace analyzer 440 candetermine a utilization parameter for the first one of the threads 208by calculating a ratio of a busy time of the first one of the threads208 and a total amount of time for a time period of interest.

In some examples, the trace analyzer 440 determines aggregate operatingparameters that are based on two or more of the threads 208. Forexample, the trace analyzer 440 can calculate an aggregate executiontime parameter, an aggregate utilization parameter, etc. In suchexamples, the trace analyzer 440 can determine the aggregate utilizationparameter by calculating a ratio of one or more busy ones of the threads208 and a total quantity of the threads 208 for a time duration or timeperiod of interest.

In some examples, trace analyzer 440 implements means for determining anoperating parameter of a GPU based on a GPU state. For example, themeans for determining may determine a utilization of the GPU based onthe first GPU state. In some examples, the means for determining may beimplemented by one or more analog or digital circuit(s), logic circuits,programmable processor(s), programmable controller(s), GPU(s), DSP(s),ASIC(s), PLD(s), and/or FPLD(s). In some examples, the means fordetermining may be implemented by at least one of block 1510 of FIG. 15or block 1716 of FIG. 17.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 4, the GLIT engine 102 includes thehardware configurator 450 to adjust operation of the GPU 110 and/or theCPU 118 based on the GLIT 112, the one or more operating parametersassociated with the GLIT 112, etc. In some examples, the hardwareconfigurator 450 delivers, provides, and/or otherwise communicates theone or more operating parameters to the application 120 of FIG. 1. Forexample, the hardware configurator 450 can report and/or otherwisecommunicate a GPU state, a hardware thread utilization, an executionunit utilization, etc., associated with the GPU 110 to developers (e.g.,software developers, processor designers, GPU engineers, etc.) with aperformance analysis tool (e.g., a GPU profiling tool), a graphical userinterface (GUI) included in the performance analysis tool, etc. In suchexamples, the developers may improve their software by improving, forexample, load balance of computational tasks, provisioning differentdata distribution among hardware threads, execution units, etc., of theGPU 110, etc.

In some examples, the hardware configurator 450 can invoke hardware,software, firmware, and/or any combination of hardware, software, and/orfirmware (e.g., the GPU driver 122, the CPU 118, etc.) to improveoperation of the GPU 110. For example, the hardware configurator 450 cangenerate and transmit an instruction (e.g., a command, one or moremachine readable instructions, etc.) to the GPU driver 122, the CPU 118,etc., of FIG. 1. In response to receiving and/or otherwise executing theinstruction, the GPU driver 122, the CPU 118, etc., may be invoked todetermine whether to adjust an operation of the GPU 110. For example,the GPU driver 122, and/or, more generally, the CPU 118, may be calledto adjust scheduling of computational tasks, jobs, workloads, etc., tobe executed by the GPU 110 based on the one or more operatingparameters.

In some examples, the hardware configurator 450 invokes and/or otherwiseinstructs the GPU driver 122 to analyze one or more operating parametersbased on the GLIT(s) 112. For example, the GPU driver 122, and/or, moregenerally, the CPU 118, may compare an operating parameter to anoperating parameter threshold (e.g., a GPU state threshold, an executiontime threshold, a busy time threshold, an idle time threshold, autilization threshold, etc.). For example, when invoked, the GPU driver122 and/or, more generally, the CPU 118, may determine that autilization of the GPU 110 is 95% corresponding to the GPU 110 beingbusy 95% of a measured time interval. The GPU driver 122 may compare theutilization of 95% to a utilization threshold of 80% and determine thatthe GPU 110 should not accept more computational tasks based on theutilization satisfying the utilization threshold (e.g., the utilizationis greater than the utilization threshold). As used herein, a job or aworkload may refer to a set of one or more computational tasks to beexecuted by one or more hardware threads, such as the threads 208 ofFIG. 2.

In some examples, when invoked by the hardware configurator 450, the GPUdriver 122, and/or, more generally, the CPU 118, may determine that autilization of the GPU 110 is 40%. The GPU driver 122 may compare theutilization of 40% to the utilization threshold of 80% and determinethat the GPU 110 has available bandwidth to execute more computationaltasks. For example, the GPU driver 122 may determine that theutilization of 40% does not satisfy the utilization threshold of 80%. Inresponse to determining that the utilization of the GPU 110 does notsatisfy the utilization threshold, the GPU driver 122 may adjust ormodify a schedule of resources to facilitate tasks to be executed by theGPU 110. For example, the GPU driver 122 may increase a quantity ofcomputational tasks that the GPU 110 is currently executing and/or willbe executing based on the utilization parameter, which may be determinedbased on the GLIT(s) 112 of FIG. 1.

In some examples, the hardware configurator 450 implements means forimproving and/or otherwise optimizing resource scheduling (e.g.,hardware scheduling, memory allocation, etc.) by the CPU 118. Forexample, developers may develop and/or improve hardware schedulingfunctions or mechanisms by analyzing the one or more operatingparameters associated with the GPU 110.

In some examples, the hardware configurator 450 implements means forcontrolling workload of the GPU based on the first value of the GPUstate. In some examples, the means for controlling is to, in response todetermining that an operating parameter (e.g., a busy time, autilization, etc.) does not satisfy a threshold, cause at least one ofan adjustment to a routine (e.g., one or more instructions included inthe second kernel 108) or an increased number of computational tasks tobe executed by the GPU 110 to control the workload of the GPU 110. Insome examples, the means for controlling may be implemented by one ormore analog or digital circuit(s), logic circuits, programmableprocessor(s), programmable controller(s), GPU(s), DSP(s), ASIC(s),PLD(s), and/or FPLD(s). In some examples, the means for controlling maybe implemented by at least one of blocks 1512, 1514 of FIG. 15 or block1720 of FIG. 17.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 4, the GLIT engine 102 includes thestorage 460 to record data, such as the GLIT(s) 470. For example, theGLIT(s) 470 may include one or more of the GLIT(s) 112 of FIG. 1. Insuch examples, the GLIT(s) 470 may be stored in the storage 460 in anencoded binary format, such as the GLIT format 300 of FIG. 3. In someexamples, the storage 460 records and/or otherwise stores one(s) of therecords 126 of FIG. 1, which may include instruction identifiers,opcodes, and/or data associated with one(s) of the instructionidentifiers and/or one(s) of the opcode(s), one or more emulationroutines, one or more associations between one(s) of the one or moreemulation routines and one(s) of the instruction identifiers and/orone(s) of the opcodes, etc., and/or a combination thereof In someexamples, the storage 460 stores instrumented versions of the emulationroutines, such as emulation routines that may include callback routinesto invoke data transfer via one or more APIs.

The storage 460 of this example may be implemented by a volatile memory(e.g., a Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), DynamicRandom Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory(RDRAM), etc.) and/or a non-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory). Thestorage 460 may additionally or alternatively be implemented by one ormore double data rate (DDR) memories, such as DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4,mobile DDR (mDDR), etc. The storage 460 may additionally oralternatively be implemented by one or more mass storage devices such ashard disk drive(s) (HDD(s)), compact disk (CD) drive(s), digitalversatile disk (DVD) drive(s), solid-state disk (SSD) drive(s), etc.While in the illustrated example the storage 460 is illustrated as asingle storage, the storage 460 may be implemented by any number (e.g.,at least one storage disc or device) and/or type(s) of storage.Furthermore, the data stored in the storage 460 may be in any dataformat such as, for example, binary data, comma delimited data, tabdelimited data, structured query language (SQL) structures, etc.

While an example manner of implementing the GLIT engine 102 of FIG. 1 isillustrated in FIG. 4, one or more of the elements, processes and/ordevices illustrated in FIG. 4 may be combined, divided, re-arranged,omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way. Further, theexample instruction generator 410, the example trace extractor 420, theexample trace emulator 430, the example trace analyzer 440, the examplehardware configurator 450, the example storage 460, the example GLIT(s)470, and/or, more generally, the example GLIT engine 102 of FIG. 1 maybe implemented by hardware, software, firmware and/or any combination ofhardware, software and/or firmware. Thus, for example, any of theexample instruction generator 410, the example trace extractor 420, theexample trace emulator 430, the example trace analyzer 440, the examplehardware configurator 450, the example storage 460, the example GLIT(s)470 and/or, more generally, the example GLIT engine 102 could beimplemented by one or more analog or digital circuit(s), logic circuits,programmable processor(s), programmable controller(s), GPU(s), digitalsignal processor(s) (DSP(s)), application specific integrated circuit(s)(ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)) and/or fieldprogrammable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)) (e.g., field programmable gatearray(s) (FPGA(s))). When reading any of the apparatus or system claimsof this patent to cover a purely software and/or firmwareimplementation, at least one of the example instruction generator 410,the example trace extractor 420, the example trace emulator 430, theexample trace analyzer 440, the example hardware configurator 450, theexample storage 460, and/or the example GLIT(s) 470 is/are herebyexpressly defined to include a non-transitory computer readable storagedevice or storage disk such as a memory, a DVD, a CD, a Blu-ray disk,etc., including the software and/or firmware. Further still, the exampleGLIT engine 102 of FIG. 1 may include one or more elements, processesand/or devices in addition to, or instead of, those illustrated in FIG.4, and/or may include more than one of any or all of the illustratedelements, processes and devices. As used herein, the phrase “incommunication,” including variations thereof, encompasses directcommunication and/or indirect communication through one or moreintermediary components, and does not require direct physical (e.g.,wired) communication and/or constant communication, but ratheradditionally includes selective communication at periodic intervals,scheduled intervals, aperiodic intervals, and/or one-time events.

FIG. 5 is an illustration of an example system 500 that may implementthe GPU 110 of FIG. 1 or portion(s) thereof and/or the GPU slice 200 ofFIG. 2 or portion(s) thereof In this example, the system 500 may beutilized to control operation of an example execution unit hardwarethread 502. In this example, the execution unit hardware thread 502 mayimplement one of the threads 208 of FIG. 2.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 5, the system 500 includes theexecution unit hardware thread 502, an example gateway shared function504, an example thread dispatch 506, and an example device 508. In thisexample, the system 500 may depict different mechanisms, techniques,etc., for modifying and/or otherwise controlling operation of theexecution unit hardware thread 502.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 5, the system 500 includes thegateway shared function 504 to implement inter-thread communicationcontrol. In this example, the gateway shared function 504 communicateswith the execution unit hardware thread 502 on an asynchronous basis.Alternatively, the gateway shared function 504 may interact with theexecution unit hardware thread 502 on a synchronous basis. In someexamples, the gateway shared function 504 may be implemented as hardwareto effectuate thread-to-thread (e.g., hardware thread-to-hardwarethread) synchronization. In some examples, the gateway shared function504 can facilitate remote register write operations. For example, thegateway shared function 504 can obtain a write request from a firstregister of a first one of the threads 208 of FIG. 2 and forward thewrite request to a second register of a second one of the threads 208 ofFIG. 2.

In some examples, the gateway shared function 504 implements activethread-to-thread communication based on direct register access. Forexample, a first thread (e.g., a requester thread) may be capable ofwriting into the GRF register space of another thread (e.g., a recipientthread). Such direct register access between two threads in amulti-processor environment may be referred to as remote registeraccess. Remote register access may implement a read operation or writeoperation. In some examples, an architecture of the GPU 110 may supportremote register write, but not remote register read (natively). Forexample, the gateway shared function 504 facilitates such remoteregister write via message passing. In some examples, the requesterthread may send a message to the gateway shared function 504 requestinga write to the recipient thread's GRF register space. The gateway sharedfunction 504 may send a writeback message to the recipient thread tocomplete the register write on behalf of the requester. The requesterthread and the recipient thread may be on the same execution unit or ondifferent execution unit(s) of the GPU 110.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 5, the system 500 includes the threaddispatcher 506 to provide initial register values as an input payload(e.g., an input data payload) to the execution unit hardware thread 502.In some examples, the thread dispatcher 506 may be implemented as afunctional unit in hardware to arbitrate thread initiation requests fromthe fixed function units 207 of FIG. 2 and instantiate the thread(s) 208of the execution units 204. For example, the thread dispatcher 506 maydetermine on which one(s) of the execution units 204 and which thread(s)208 of the execution units 204 to dispatch a job or software thread. Insome examples, the thread dispatcher 506 may load initial GPU state(s)into an idle one of the thread(s) 208 and start its execution based onthe determination(s). In this example, the thread dispatcher 506provides the initial register values to register files, such as the GRFand/or the ARF of the execution unit hardware thread 502, on asynchronous basis. In some examples, the thread dispatcher 506 mayimplement the local thread dispatcher 220 of FIG. 2.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 5, the system 500 includes the device508 to execute responses to device access instructions from theexecution unit hardware thread 502. In some examples, the device 508 mayimplement the sampler 216 of FIG. 2, the data port 218 of FIG. 2, theshared local memory 214 of FIG. 2, and/or the cache memory 210 of FIG.2. In some examples, the device 508 facilitates execution of a deviceaccess request. For example, the device access request may beimplemented by any instruction that causes the execution unit hardwarethread 502 to write data to, and/or read data from, the device 508. Insome examples, the device access request may be implemented by a SENDinstruction, a READ SEND instruction, a LOAD instruction, etc. Forexample, the execution unit hardware thread 502 may execute a deviceaccess request by generating a SEND instruction in response tocompleting an execution of a kernel, such as the second kernel 108 ofFIG. 1. In this example, the SEND instruction is known at the time ofconsumption because the SEND instruction is generated in response tocompleting an execution of a kernel.

In some examples, in response to executing a SEND instruction, theexecution unit hardware thread 502 may transmit one or more registervalues associated with the execution unit hardware thread 502 to thedevice 508. In some examples, in response to executing a READ SENDinstruction, the execution unit hardware thread 502 may request one ormore register values stored in the device 508. In such examples, thedevice 508 may prepare a response to the READ SEND instruction bytransmitting data read from the requested registers stored in the device508 to the execution unit hardware thread 502.

In some examples, the GLIT(s) 112 of FIG. 1 may capture the differentmechanisms, techniques, etc., to modify and/or otherwise controloperation of the execution unit hardware thread 502. For example, theGLIT(s) 112 may include first GPU states of the execution unit hardwarethread 502 at a first time, which may correspond to first values of theARF, first values of the GRF, etc., of the execution unit hardwarethread 502 during an initialization state, such as receiving initialregister values from the thread dispatcher 506 in preparation forexecuting the second kernel 108. In some examples, the GLIT(s) 112 mayinclude second GPU states of the execution unit hardware thread 502 at asecond time after the first time. The second GPU states may correspondto second values of the ARF, second values of the GRF, etc., in responseto the gateway shared function 504 executing one or more remote registerwrite operations from different one(s) of the threads 208 of FIG. 2. Insome examples, the one or more remote register write operations maychange one or more of the first values of the GRF into one or more ofthe second values. In some examples, the GLIT(s) 112 may include thirdGPU states of the execution unit hardware thread 502 at a third timeafter the second time. The third GPU states may correspond to thirdvalues of the ARF, third values of the GRF, etc., in response to theexecution unit hardware thread 502 generating a SEND instruction toinvoke the device 508 to read the data from the ARF, the GRF, etc.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of an example GLIT 600 for the GPU 110 of FIG.1, the GPU slice 200 of FIG. 2, and/or the execution unit hardwarethread 502 of FIG. 5. In some examples, the GLIT 600 of FIG. 6 mayimplement one(s) of the GLIT(s) 112 of FIG. 1. In some examples, theGLIT 600 may be encoded in a binary kernel having a format based on theGLIT format 300 of FIG. 3. For example, the GLIT 600 may be implementedby an encoded binary file representative of an example execution of thekernel 108 of FIG. 1 by one of the threads 208 of FIG. 2.

In some examples, one of the GLIT(s) 112 of FIG. 1 can include aplurality of binary kernels. In some examples, the GLIT 600 mayimplement one of the plurality of binary kernels. Advantageously,because the second kernel 108 of FIG. 1 may be distributed to pluralityof the threads 208 of FIG. 2 for execution, the plurality of binarykernels may implement a multi-threaded GPU trace.

In this example, the GLIT 600 may implement a LIT for a single softwarethread running on a hardware thread (e.g., one the threads 208 of FIG.2, the execution unit hardware thread 502 of FIG. 5, etc.) of an exampleprocessor, such as the GPU 110 of FIG. 1, the GPU slice 200 of FIG. 2,etc. In some examples, a GLIT for an execution unit, such as theexecution unit 204 of FIG. 2, may be implemented by a group orcollection of GLITs for ones of the threads 208 of the execution unit204. In some examples, a GLIT for a subslice, such as the subslice 202of FIG. 2, may be implemented by a group or collection of GLITs for onesof the execution units 204.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 3, the GLIT 600 begins at an examplestart point 602 with the GPU having states (e.g., GPU states) based oninitial values of registers of an ARF of the hardware thread and initialvalues of registers of a GRF of the hardware thread. In this example,the initial values of the registers of the GRF may be for an entirety ofthe registers of the GRF. Alternatively, the initial values of theregisters of the GRF may be for a partial number of the registers of theGRF.

In this example, the initial values of the registers of the ARF may befor a partial number of the registers of the ARF, such as for a firstregister value corresponding to a dispatch mask, a second register valuecorresponding to a hardware thread identifier (TID), a third registervalue corresponding to an execution mask, a fourth register valuecorresponding to a control register, etc., of the ARF. Alternatively,the initial values of the registers of the ARF may be for an entirety ofthe registers of the ARF.

After the GPU states are initialized at the start point 602, the GLIT600 includes a first example event (EVENT 1) 604 at a first time afterthe start point 602, a second example event (EVENT 2) 606 at a secondtime after the first time, a third example event (EVENT 3) 608 at athird time after the second time, and a fourth example event (EVENT 4)610 at a fourth time after the third time. In this example, the events604, 606, 608, 610 are READ SEND instructions, which may berepresentative of sending a message to external hardware (e.g., thedevice 508 of FIG. 5) to the hardware thread, such as the sampler 216 ofFIG. 2 and/or the cache memory 210. For example, the first event 604 maybe representative of a read from global memory, such as the cache memory210, with a value of a destination register of the hardware threadrepresented by DST. In another example, the second event 606 may berepresentative of an access to a sampler, such as the sampler 216 ofFIG. 2, with a value of a destination register of the hardware threadrepresented by DST. Additionally or alternatively, a GLIT, such as theGLIT 600 of FIG. 6, may include fewer or more events than those depictedin FIG. 6.

Advantageously, information in connection with the GLIT 600 of FIG. 6may be encoded in a binary format, such as the GLIT format 300 of FIG.3, and stored in the binary format in the memory 116 for later accessand/or retrieval by a processor, such as the CPU 118 of FIG. 1. Forexample, the initial values of the GPU states, such as the GRF registervalues, the ARF register values, etc., at the start point 602 may beencoded using the GLIT format 300. In some examples, one(s) of theevents 604, 606, 608, 610 may be stored using the GLIT format 300. Insuch examples, register values, such as values of the ARF and/or GRFregisters, prior to and/or after one(s) of the events 604, 606, 608, 610may be stored using the GLIT format 300.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of an example system 700 to generate andanalyze the GLIT 600 of FIG. 6. The system 700 of FIG. 7 includes anexample GPU 702 and an example CPU 704. In some examples, the GPU 702may implement the GPU 110 of FIG. 1 and/or the GPU slice 200 of FIG. 2.In some examples, the CPU 704 may implement the CPU 118 of FIG. 1.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 7, the GPU 702 executes an examplekernel 706. In this example, the kernel 706 is an instrumented kernel,which may implement the second kernel 108 of FIG. 1. In this example,the kernel 706 is distributed and/or otherwise scheduled for executionby a plurality of example hardware threads 708 of the GPU 702. Forexample, each of the threads 708 may be implemented by one of thethreads 208 of FIG. 2. In this example, the first one of the hardwarethreads 708 may have a hardware thread identifier of TID 0, the secondone of the hardware threads 708 may have a hardware thread identifier ofTID 1, an Nth one of the hardware threads 708 may have a hardware threadidentifier of TID N, etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 7, the hardware threads 708 mayexecute an instance of the kernel 706 and generate respective exampleGLIT data 710. For example, the first one of the hardware threads 708may generate and/or otherwise output GLIT DATA 0, the second one of thehardware threads 708 may generate and/or otherwise output GLIT DATA 1,the Nth one of the hardware threads 708 may generate and/or otherwiseoutput GLIT DATA 2, etc. In some examples, the GPU 702 may store theGLIT data 710 as the records 126 in the trace buffer 114 of the memory116 of FIG. 1.

In some examples, the GLIT data 710 may include at least one of GPUstate(s) (e.g., one or more ARF register values, one or more GRFregister values, etc., of the hardware thread) or data associated withthe kernel 706. For example, the data associated with the kernel 706 caninclude a GPU instruction included in the kernel 706, an opcodecorresponding to the instruction, an instruction identifiercorresponding to the instruction, etc. In some examples, a portion ofthe GLIT data 710 may implement one(s) of the records 126 of FIG. 1,one(s) of the records 302 of FIG. 3, etc. For example, a first portionof GLIT DATA 0 may include an instruction of the kernel 706, which maybe stored by the GPU 702 in the trace buffer 114 as INST_DECODE INST0 ofthe GLIT format 300 of FIG. 3.

In some examples, the CPU 704 obtains and/or otherwise retrieves theGLIT data 710 from a buffer stored in memory, such as the trace buffer114 stored in the memory 116 of FIG. 1, and generates example GLIT(s)712 based on the GLIT data 710. In some examples, the GLIT(s) 712 mayimplement the GLIT(s) 112 of FIG. 1. In some examples, the CPU 704 maygenerate a first one of the GLIT(s) 712 that corresponds to the firstone of the hardware threads 708 based on GLIT DATA 0, a second one ofthe GLIT(s) 712 that corresponds to the second one of the hardwarethreads 708 based on GLIT DATA 1, a third one of the GLIT(s) 712 thatcorresponds to the third one of the hardware threads 708 based on GLITDATA N, etc. In such examples, the first one of the GLIT(s) 712, thesecond one of the GLIT(s) 712, the third one of the GLIT(s) 712, etc.,may be generated by arranging and/or otherwise organizing respectiveone(s) of the GLIT data 710 into a file (e.g., a binary file) based onthe GLIT format 300 of FIG. 3. In some examples, the CPU 704 maygenerate the first one of the GLIT(s) 712 by arranging and/or otherwiseorganizing GLIT DATA 0, GLIT DATA 1, GLIT DATA N, etc., into a binaryfile based on the GLIT format 300.

In this example, the CPU 704 implements an example GLIT replayapplication 714 to replay an execution of the kernel 706 by the GPU 702based on the GLIT(s) 712 by simulating the execution of the kernel 706.In some examples, the GLIT replay application 714 may implement theapplication 120 of FIG. 1. For example, the GLIT replay application 714can be a software application that instruments emulation routines (e.g.,emulation instructions, emulation software routines, etc.) thatcorrespond to a simulation of GPU routines (e.g., GPU instructions, GPUkernel routines, etc.) utilized to execute the kernel 706.

In some examples, the instrumented emulation routines invoke exampleAPI(s) 716 to communicate and/or otherwise transmit data to an examplehardware profiling analysis tool 718. For example, the GLIT replayapplication 714 can instrument a first emulation routine with a firstcallback routine before an execution of an instruction (e.g., aninstruction that simulates an execution of the kernel 706) included inthe first emulation routine and/or a second callback routine after theexecution of the instruction.

In some examples, in response to executing the first callback routine,the GLIT replay application 714 can invoke one of the API(s) 716 toprovide a first GPU state corresponding to a first value of a GRFregister of the GPU 702 to the hardware profiling analysis tool 718prior to the execution of the instruction included in the firstemulation routine. In some examples, in response to executing the secondcallback routine, the GLIT replay application 714 can invoke one of theAPI(s) 716 to provide a second GPU state corresponding to a second valueof the GRF register to the hardware profiling analysis tool 718 afterthe execution of the instruction included in the first emulationroutine. In some examples, the first GPU state may be the same as thesecond GPU state, namely, the GRF register did not change in response toexecuting the first emulation routine. In some examples, the first GPUstate may be different than the second GPU state, namely, the GRFregister changed in response to executing the first emulation routine toindicate that the execution of the kernel 706 modified the GRF register.

In some examples, the hardware profiling analysis tool 718 may beimplemented by the application 120 of FIG. 1. For example, the hardwareprofiling analysis tool 718 can be a software application that analyzesthe replay and/or otherwise emulation of the execution of the kernel 706to identify improvement(s) to operation of at least one of the GPU 702or the CPU 704 based on the replay and/or otherwise emulation of theexecution of the kernel 706. In some examples, the hardware profilinganalysis tool 718 may be implemented by one or more DLLs. Additionallyor alternatively, the hardware profile analysis tool 718 may analyzeoperation of any other type of hardware processor, such as a neuralnetwork processor, a VPU, etc.

In some examples, the hardware profiling analysis tool 718 can identifythe improvement(s) based on the change in the GRF register as describedabove. In some examples, the hardware profiling analysis tool 718 candetermine that the change in the GRF register is not a typical orexpected result, which may inform a developer to modify the secondkernel 108 for improved execution by the GPU 702. In some examples, thehardware profiling analysis tool 718 can determine that no detectedchange in the GRF register may indicate that the distribution of thekernel 706 to hardware thread(s) of the GPU 702 is not an efficientdistribution, which may inform a developer to modify scheduling of thesecond kernel 108 to improve the distribution of the kernel 706.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of another example system 800 to emulate andanalyze the GLIT 600 of FIG. 6. For example, the system 800 of FIG. 8may implement the system 700 of FIG. 7 or portion(s) thereof. In thisexample, the system 800 includes an example GLIT replay application 802and a plurality of example tools 804, 806, 808. For example, the GLITreplay application 802 may implement the GLIT replay application 714 ofFIG. 7. In some examples, the tools 804, 806, 808 may implement thehardware profiling analysis tool 718 of FIG. 7. For example, one or moreof the tools 804, 806, 808 may be implemented as software application(s)to analyze execution of a kernel by a GPU by replaying the executionusing data stored and/or otherwise included in the GLIT 810. In someexamples, one or more of the tools 804, 806, 808 may be implemented asone or more DLLs to effectuate different analysis of the execution ofthe kernel. For example, a first tool 804 of the tools 804, 806, 808 mayprofile the execution of the kernel using a first set of analysisroutines, functions, etc., a second tool 806 of the tools 804, 806, 808may profile the execution of the kernel using a second set of analysisroutines, functions, etc., and/or a third tool 808 of the tools 804,806, 808 may profile the execution of the kernel using a third set ofanalysis routines, functions, etc., where one or more of the first set,the second set, and/or the third set may be different from each other.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 8, the GLIT replay application 802obtains an example GLIT 810. For example, the GLIT 810 may implement theGLIT(s) 112 of FIG. 1, the GLIT(s) 470 of FIG. 4, the GLIT 600 of FIG.6, and/or the GLIT(s) 712 of FIG. 7. In some examples, the GLIT 810 maybe an encoded binary kernel and the GLIT replay application 802 maydecode the GLIT 810. For example, the GLIT replay application 802 mayunpack and/or otherwise extract data stored in a binary format, such asthe GLIT format 300 of FIG. 3. In some examples, the GLIT replayapplication 802 can associate portion(s) of the extracted data toexample hardware thread identifiers (TID0 to TIDN) 812 of a GPU, such asthe GPU 110 of FIG. 1, a slice of a GPU such as the GPU slice 200 ofFIG. 2, etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 8, the GLIT replay application 802 isin communication with one(s) of the tools 804, 806, 808 via one or moreexample APIs 814. For example, the GLIT replay application 802 caninstrument emulation routines that simulate execution of a GPU kernel byincluding callback routines before and/or after execution of theinstrumented emulation routines. In some examples, the callback routinesmay include a “CALLBACKBEFORE( )” callback routine that, when executed,may invoke a first one of the APIs 814 to provide data, such as a GPUstate, to corresponding one(s) of the tools 804, 806, 808 prior toexecuting an instruction included in the instrumented emulation routine.For example, the “CALLBACKBEFORE( )” callback routine may invoke acallback routine “GETSTATE( )” to provide the GPU state. In someexamples, the callback routines may include a “CALLBACKAFTER( )”callback routine that, when executed, may invoke a second one of theAPIs 814 to provide data, such as a GPU state, to corresponding one(s)of the tools 804, 806, 808 after executing the instruction included inthe instrumented emulation routine. For example, the “CALLBACKAFTER( )”callback routine may invoke a callback routine “GETSTATE( )” to providethe GPU state. Additionally or alternatively, fewer or more of the APIs814 may be used than the APIs 814 depicted in FIG. 8. Additionally oralternatively, one or more of the APIs 814 may be different than theAPIs 814 depicted in FIG. 8. For example, one or more of the APIs 814may be implemented with a PIN API, which may be used to insert machinereadable code (e.g., C code, C++ code, etc.) in one or more places of akernel.

FIG. 9 depicts a first example kernel 902 and a second example kernel904 that may be executed by a GPU, such as the GPU 110 of FIG. 1, aslice of a GPU such as the GPU slice 200 of FIG. 2, and/or the GPU 702of FIG. 7. In this example, the first kernel 902 may implement anon-instrumented kernel. For example, the first kernel 902 may implementthe first kernel 106 of FIG. 1. In this example, the second kernel 904may implement an instrumented kernel, such as the second kernel 108 ofFIG. 1 and/or the kernel 706 of FIG. 7. In this example, the secondkernel 904 may correspond to an instrumented version of the first kernel902.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 9, the first kernel 902 includesexample instructions, such as a move instruction (MOV), an orinstruction (OR), a multiplication (MUL) instruction, and an and (AND)instruction. In response to executing the MOV, OR, MUL, and ANDinstructions, the first kernel 902 causes execution of a first SENDinstruction (SEND) and a second SEND instruction (SEND). In thisexample, the SEND instructions are read instructions from global memory,such as the cache memory 210 of FIG. 2, the device 508 of FIG. 5, etc.In this example, the first SEND instruction implements a first readoperation of two 32-byte wide registers (e.g., register r12 of theglobal memory being 32-bytes wide, r13 of the global memory being32-bytes wide, etc.). In this example, the second SEND instructionimplements a second read operation of two 32-byte wide registers (e.g.,registers r9 and r10 of the global memory).

In the illustrated example of FIG. 9, the second kernel 904 includes theMOV, OR, MUL, AND, and SEND instructions of the first kernel 902. Inthis example, the second kernel 904 includes example instrumentationinstructions (TRACE) 906, 908, 910 to generate an example GLIT, such asthe GLIT(s) 112 of FIG. 1, the GLIT 600 of FIG. 6, etc. In this example,the instrumentation instructions 906, 908, 910 includes a first exampletrace instruction (TRACE(TID, R0-R15, CE, DMASK, . . . )) 906 to tracean entire input payload of GRF registers and a portion or subset of ARFregisters associated with a hardware thread of the GPU that is toexecute the second kernel 904. For example, the first trace instruction906 can read registers r0-r15 of the GRF of the hardware thread and atleast the CE and DMASK registers of the ARF of the hardware thread. Insuch examples, the input payload represented by r0-r15 may includesixteen 32-byte registers (e.g., r0, r1, r2, . . . r15).

In the illustrated example, the instrumentation instructions 906, 908,910 include a second example trace instruction 908 to trace theresulting destination values after execution of the first SENDinstruction. For example, in response to executing the first SENDinstruction, the second trace instruction 908 can obtain the resultingvalues of the destination registers (e.g., r12 and r13 of the globalmemory). In some examples, the second trace instruction 908, whenexecuted, can generate a trace record (e.g., one of the records 126 ofFIG. 1, one of the records 302 of FIG. 3, etc.) to include a TID of thehardware thread that executed the second kernel 904 and a first offset(e.g., a first offset value) of the original instruction within thefirst kernel 902.

In the illustrated example, the instrumentation instructions 906, 908,910 include a third example trace instruction 910 to trace the resultingdestination values after execution of the second SEND instruction. Forexample, in response to executing the second SEND instruction, the thirdtrace instruction 910 can obtain the resulting values of the destinationregisters (e.g., r9 and r10 of the global memory). In some examples, thethird trace instruction 910, when executed, can generate a trace record(e.g., one of the records 126 of FIG. 1, one of the records 302 of FIG.3, etc.) to include a TID of the hardware thread that executed thesecond kernel 904 and a second offset (e.g., a second offset value) ofthe original instruction within the first kernel 902. Advantageously,the order of the trace records may correspond to the offset zero mayprovide the order of the software thread dispatches. For example, theorder of dispatches of the second kernel 904 may be determined based onthe first offset value and the second offset value with respect to theoffset zero.

FIG. 10 is an illustration of an example workflow 1000 to emulateexecution of an instrumented GPU kernel, such as the second kernel 108of FIG. 1, the kernel 706 of FIG. 7, and/or the second kernel 904 ofFIG. 9. For example, the workflow 1000 may be implemented by the GLITengine 102 of FIGS. 1 and/or 4. In this example, the workflow 1000 isimplemented by example kernel instructions static data 1002, an exampleopcode emulation table 1004, example emulation routines 1006, andexample GPU states 1008, 1010. Alternatively, any other example workflowmay be utilized to emulate execution of the instrumented GPU kernel.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 10, the kernel instructions staticdata 1002 may correspond to decoded instructions from a binary kernel.For example, the second kernel 108 may include a plurality of exampleencoded instructions in a binary format. In some examples, the traceextractor 420 of FIG. 4 may extract and/or otherwise decode the encodedinstructions from the second kernel 108 to generate the kernelinstructions static data 1002. In this example, the kernel instructionsstatic data 1002 includes a first example instruction having a firstinstruction identifier (INST 0) as an index, which may correspond to afirst decoded instruction from the second kernel 108 of FIG. 1. Forexample, INST 0 may correspond to the first SEND instruction of thesecond kernel 904 of FIG. 9 (e.g., SEND(16) R12 R6 0XC 0X4205E00).

In the illustrated example of FIG. 10, the opcode emulation table 1004may correspond to opcodes supported by a particular GPU architecture,such as an architecture of the GPU 110 of FIG. 1. In this example, theopcode emulation table 1004 includes a first example opcode (OPCODE 0),which may correspond to a first type of instruction that the GPU 110supports and/or otherwise is configured to execute upon invocation.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 10, the emulation routines 1006 maycorrespond to first instructions (e.g., machine readable instructions)that, when executed, can simulate execution of second instructions thatthe GPU 110 is configured to execute. In this example, the emulationroutines 1006 include a first example emulation routine (ADD_EMUL),which may correspond to an emulation of an addition operation that theGPU 110 supports and/or otherwise is configured to execute uponinvocation. In this example, opcode(s) in the opcode emulation table1004 correspond to respective one(s) of the emulation routines 1006. Forexample, OPCODE 0 may correspond to ADD_EMUL, OPCODE 1 may correspond toSUB_EMUL, etc.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 10, the GPU states 1008, 1010 includeexample GRF states 1008 and example ARF states 1010. In this example,the GRF states 1008 are values of registers stored in a GRF implementedby a hardware thread of a GPU, such as one of the threads 208 of FIG. 2.In this example, the GRF states 1008 is implemented with 128 registers(r0-127). In this example, the ARF states 1010 are values of registersstored in an ARF implemented by the hardware thread of the GPU, such asthe one of the threads 208 of FIG. 2.

In this example, the ARF states 1010 include a portion of the ARF. Forexample, the portion of the ARF includes a first register value to storea value of a first end of a first floating-point saturation range(F0.0), a second register value to store a value of a second end of thefirst floating-point saturation range (F0.1), a third register value tostore a value of a first end of a second floating-point saturation range(F1.0), a fourth register value to store a value of a second end of thesecond floating-point saturation range (F1.1), a fifth register value tostore a value of an instruction pointer (IP) register, a sixth registervalue to store a value of a DMASK register, a seventh register value tostore a value of a CE register, an eighth register value to store avalue of an accumulation register (ACC0), a ninth register value tostore an address register (A0), a notification register (N0), and atenth register value to store a value of an execution mask. By way ofexample, the IP register may implement a pointer that references thecurrent instruction in memory of the GPU. In some examples, each of thethreads 208 may have their own IP. Additionally or alternatively, theportion of the ARF may include fewer or more ARF states than depicted inthe illustrated example of FIG. 10.

In example operation, the trace extractor 420 of FIG. 4 may decode aGLIT, such as the GLIT 600 of FIG. 6, to generate and/or otherwiseoutput decoded binary data and GPU states. In some examples, the traceextractor 420 stores portion(s) of the decoded binary data as the kernelinstructions static data 1002 utilizing instruction identifiers as anindex. In some examples, the trace extractor 420 stores portion(s) ofthe decoded binary data as the GPU states 1008, 1010. In some examples,the trace extractor 420 associates one(s) of the kernel instructionsstatic data 1002, opcode(s) in the opcode emulation table 1004, one(s)of the emulation routines 1006, and/or one(s) of the GPU states 1008,1010. For example, the trace extractor 420 can determine that INST 0corresponds to OPCODE 0 and OPCODE 0 corresponds to ADD_EMUL. In suchexamples, the trace extractor 420 can store an association of at leastone of INST 0, OPCODE 0, ADD_EMUL, or corresponding one(s) of the GPUstates 1008, 1010. For example, the trace extractor 420 can store theassociation in the storage 460 of FIG. 4.

In example operation, the trace emulator 430 of FIG. 4 can emulateexecution of a GPU kernel from which the kernel instructions static data1002 and/or the GPU states 1008, 1010 are generated. In some examples,the trace emulator 430 can replay a GLIT, such as the GLIT 600, byselecting INST 0 to execute. In some examples, in response to selectingINST 0 to execute, the trace emulator 430 calls the first emulationroutine of ADD_EMUL and enters at least one of INST 0, OPCODE 0, or thecorresponding one(s) of the GPU states 1008, 1010 as arguments into thefirst emulation routine. Advantageously, the trace emulator 430 mayreplay the execution of a GPU kernel, such as the second kernel 108 ofFIG. 1, by executing (e.g., iteratively executing) one(s) of theemulation routines in the emulation routine table 1006 that correspondto instructions of the GPU kernel, which may be represented by theinformation included in the kernel instructions static data 1002.

Source code and/or flowcharts representative of example hardware logic,machine readable instructions, hardware implemented state machines,and/or any combination thereof for implementing the example GLIT engine102 of FIGS. 1 and/or 4 are shown in FIGS. 11-17. The machine readableinstructions may be one or more executable programs or portion(s) of anexecutable program for execution by a computer processor and/orprocessor circuitry, such as the processor 1812 shown in the exampleprocessor platform 1800 discussed below in connection with FIG. 18. Theprogram may be embodied in software stored on a non-transitory computerreadable storage medium such as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, aDVD, a Blu-ray disk, or a memory associated with the processor 1812, butthe entire program and/or parts thereof could alternatively be executedby a device other than the processor 1812 and/or embodied in firmware ordedicated hardware. Further, although the example program is describedwith reference to the source code and/or flowcharts illustrated in FIGS.11-17, many other methods of implementing the example GLIT engine 102may alternatively be used. For example, the order of execution of theblocks may be changed, and/or some of the blocks described may bechanged, eliminated, or combined. Additionally or alternatively, any orall of the blocks may be implemented by one or more hardware circuits(e.g., discrete and/or integrated analog and/or digital circuitry, anFPGA, an ASIC, a comparator, an operational-amplifier (op-amp), a logiccircuit, etc.) structured to perform the corresponding operation withoutexecuting software or firmware. The processor circuitry may bedistributed in different network locations and/or local to one or moredevices (e.g., a multi-core processor in a single machine, multipleprocessors distributed across a server rack, etc.).

The machine readable instructions described herein may be stored in oneor more of a compressed format, an encrypted format, a fragmentedformat, a compiled format, an executable format, a packaged format, etc.Machine readable instructions as described herein may be stored as dataor a data structure (e.g., portions of instructions, code,representations of code, etc.) that may be utilized to create,manufacture, and/or produce machine executable instructions. Forexample, the machine readable instructions may be fragmented and storedon one or more storage devices and/or computing devices (e.g., servers)located at the same or different locations of a network or collection ofnetworks (e.g., in the cloud, in edge devices, etc.). The machinereadable instructions may require one or more of installation,modification, adaptation, updating, combining, supplementing,configuring, decryption, decompression, unpacking, distribution,reassignment, compilation, etc., in order to make them directlyreadable, interpretable, and/or executable by a computing device and/orother machine. For example, the machine readable instructions may bestored in multiple parts, which are individually compressed, encrypted,and stored on separate computing devices, wherein the parts whendecrypted, decompressed, and combined form a set of executableinstructions that implement one or more functions that may together forma program such as that described herein.

In another example, the machine readable instructions may be stored in astate in which they may be read by processor circuitry, but requireaddition of a library (e.g., a DLL), a software development kit (SDK),an API, etc., in order to execute the instructions on a particularcomputing device or other device. In another example, the machinereadable instructions may need to be configured (e.g., settings stored,data input, network addresses recorded, etc.) before the machinereadable instructions and/or the corresponding program(s) can beexecuted in whole or in part. Thus, machine readable media, as usedherein, may include machine readable instructions and/or program(s)regardless of the particular format or state of the machine readableinstructions and/or program(s) when stored or otherwise at rest or intransit.

The machine readable instructions described herein can be represented byany past, present, or future instruction language, scripting language,programming language, etc. For example, the machine readableinstructions may be represented using any of the following languages: C,C++, Java, C#, Perl, Python, JavaScript, HyperText Markup Language(HTML), Structured Query Language (SQL), Swift, etc.

As mentioned above, the example processes of FIGS. 11-17 may beimplemented using executable instructions (e.g., computer and/or machinereadable instructions) stored on a non-transitory computer and/ormachine readable medium such as a HDD, a flash memory, a read-onlymemory, a CD, a DVD, a cache, a random-access memory, and/or any otherstorage device or storage disk in which information is stored for anyduration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, for briefinstances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of theinformation). As used herein, the term non-transitory computer readablemedium is expressly defined to include any type of computer readablestorage device and/or storage disk and to exclude propagating signalsand to exclude transmission media.

“Including” and “comprising” (and all forms and tenses thereof) are usedherein to be open ended terms. Thus, whenever a claim employs any formof “include” or “comprise” (e.g., comprises, includes, comprising,including, having, etc.) as a preamble or within a claim recitation ofany kind, it is to be understood that additional elements, terms, etc.,may be present without falling outside the scope of the correspondingclaim or recitation. As used herein, when the phrase “at least” is usedas the transition term in, for example, a preamble of a claim, it isopen-ended in the same manner as the term “comprising” and “including”are open ended. The term “and/or” when used, for example, in a form suchas A, B, and/or C refers to any combination or subset of A, B, C such as(1) A alone, (2) B alone, (3) C alone, (4) A with B, (5) A with C, (6) Bwith C, and (7) A with B and with C. As used herein in the context ofdescribing structures, components, items, objects and/or things, thephrase “at least one of A and B” is intended to refer to implementationsincluding any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, and (3) atleast one A and at least one B. Similarly, as used herein in the contextof describing structures, components, items, objects and/or things, thephrase “at least one of A or B” is intended to refer to implementationsincluding any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, and (3) atleast one A and at least one B. As used herein in the context ofdescribing the performance or execution of processes, instructions,actions, activities and/or steps, the phrase “at least one of A and B”is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at leastone A, (2) at least one B, and (3) at least one A and at least one B.Similarly, as used herein in the context of describing the performanceor execution of processes, instructions, actions, activities and/orsteps, the phrase “at least one of A or B” is intended to refer toimplementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B,and (3) at least one A and at least one B.

As used herein, singular references (e.g., “a”, “an”, “first”, “second”,etc.) do not exclude a plurality. The term “a” or “an” entity, as usedherein, refers to one or more of that entity. The terms “a” (or “an”),“one or more”, and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.Furthermore, although individually listed, a plurality of means,elements or method actions may be implemented by, e.g., a single unit orprocessor. Additionally, although individual features may be included indifferent examples or claims, these may possibly be combined, and theinclusion in different examples or claims does not imply that acombination of features is not feasible and/or advantageous.

FIG. 11 depicts example source code 1100 to emulate execution of anexample instrumented kernel, such as the second kernel 108 of FIG. 1,the kernel 706 of FIG. 7, and/or the second kernel 904 of FIG. 9.Alternatively, any other source code may be executed to emulate theexecution of the instrumented kernel. In some examples, the source code1100 of FIG. 11 may be representative of machine readable instructionsthat may be executed by the trace emulator 430 of FIG. 4 and/or, moregenerally, the GLIT engine 102 of FIGS. 1 and/or 4. For example, thetrace emulator 430 may execute the source code 1100 to emulate (e.g.,iteratively emulate) instructions included in the instrumented kernelthat is executed by a GPU, such as the GPU 110 of FIG. 1.

In some examples, in response to executing the source code 1100, thetrace emulator 430 can select one of the instructions included in thekernel instructions static data 1002 of FIG. 10. For example, the traceemulator 430 can select an instruction that corresponds to INST 0. Insome examples, in response to executing the source code 1100, the traceemulator 430 can determine whether the instruction that corresponds toINST 0 is a SEND instruction to global memory (e.g., the cache memory210) or a sampler (e.g., the sampler 216 of FIG. 2). If the traceemulator 430 determines that the instruction is a SEND instruction tothe global memory or the sampler, the trace emulator 430 can updateregister values from the trace. For example, the trace emulator 430 canupdate register values based on the GPU states 1008, 1010 prior toand/or after executing the instruction.

In some examples, if the trace emulator 430 determines that theinstruction is not a SEND instruction to the global memory or thesampler, then the trace emulator 430 may emulate the instruction. Forexample, the trace emulator 430 may emulate the instruction by invokingone of the emulation routines of the emulation routine table 1006 toemulate the instruction. In this example, the trace emulator 430 mayexecute (e.g., iteratively execute) the source code 1100 for one or moreof the instructions included in the kernel instructions static data 1002of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 depicts example source code 1200 to emulate execution of anexample software thread. Alternatively, any other source code may beexecuted to emulate the execution of the software thread. In someexamples, the source code 1200 of FIG. 12 may be representative ofmachine readable instructions that may be executed by the trace emulator430 of FIG. 4 and/or, more generally, the GLIT engine 102 of FIGS. 1and/or 4. For example, the trace emulator 430 may execute the sourcecode 1200 to emulate an instance of dispatching a kernel, such as thesecond kernel 108, to a hardware thread, such as one of the threads 208,by emulating instruction(s) included in the kernel.

In some examples, in response to executing the source code 1200, thetrace emulator 430 emulates the instruction(s) included in the kernel bydetermining an offset identifier (e.g., an offset value) (OffsetToID)corresponding to one of the instruction(s). For example, the traceemulator 430 may determine the offset identifier based on the GPU stateof the IP register value (State.IP) of the ARF. In some examples, inresponse to executing the source code 1200, the trace emulator 430returns an instruction (ins), such as INST 0 of FIG. 10, based on theinstruction identifier. In some examples, in response to executing thesource code 1200, the trace emulator 430 identifies an opcode based onthe instruction. In some examples, in response to executing the sourcecode 1200, the trace emulator 430 identifies one of the emulationroutines of the emulation routine table 1006 based on the opcode. Insome examples, in response to executing the source code 1200, the traceemulator 430 executes the identified one of the emulation routinesutilizing the instruction and one or more GPU states (State) as examplearguments. In this example, the trace emulator 430 may execute (e.g.,iteratively execute) the source code 1200 until an end-of-time (EOT)instruction is generated, which may be generated in response to the lastinstruction of the kernel being executed. For example, the EOTinstruction may generated in response to INST N of FIG. 10 beingemulated.

FIG. 13 depicts example source code 1300 to emulate execution of anexample instrumented software thread. Alternatively, any other sourcecode may be executed to emulate the execution of the instrumentedsoftware thread. In some examples, the source code 1300 of FIG. 13 maybe representative of machine readable instructions that may be executedby the trace emulator 430 of FIG. 4 and/or, more generally, the GLITengine 102 of FIGS. 1 and/or 4. For example, the trace emulator 430 mayexecute the source code 1300 to emulate an instance of dispatching akernel, such as the second kernel 108, to a hardware thread, such as oneof the threads 208, by emulating instruction(s) included in the kernel.

In some examples, the source code 1300 may be implemented byinstrumenting the source code 1200 of FIG. 12 with a first exampleinstrumentation routine (e.g., an instrumented routine, aninstrumentation instruction, etc.) 1302 and a second exampleinstrumentation routine 1304. For example, the trace emulator 430 canexecute the first instrumentation routine 1302 prior to executing theemulation routine (EmulRoutines) and the second instrumentation routine1304 after executing the emulation routine.

In some examples, in response to executing the first instrumentationroutine 1302, the trace emulator 430 can invoke a callback routine(e.g., “CallbackBefore( );”) to invoke an API to provide GPU states of ahardware thread that executed the software thread to an upper levelconstruct, such as the application 120 of FIG. 1, the hardware profilinganalysis tool 718 of FIG. 7, etc.

In some examples, in response to executing the second instrumentationroutine 1304, the trace emulator 430 can invoke a callback routine(e.g., “CallbackAfter( );”) to invoke an API to provide GPU states ofthe hardware thread that executed the software thread to an upper levelconstruct, such as the application 120 of FIG. 1, the hardware profilinganalysis tool 718 of FIG. 7, etc. Advantageously, by registering thecallback routines with the upper level construct, the trace emulator 430can provide GPU states of the hardware thread prior to and/or afterexecuting the emulation routine to determine changes in the GPU statesin response to executing the emulation routine.

FIG. 14 depicts example source code 1400 to implement an emulationroutine. Alternatively, any other source code may be executed toimplement the emulation routine. In some examples, the source code 1400may implement one(s) of the emulation routines in the emulation routinestable 1006 of FIG. 10 and/or the emulation routine (EmulRoutines) ofFIG. 13. In some examples, the source code 1400 of FIG. 14 may berepresentative of machine readable instructions that may be executed bythe trace emulator 430 of FIG. 4 and/or, more generally, the GLIT engine102 of FIGS. 1 and/or 4, to simulate execution of GPU kernelinstructions, such as instructions included in the second kernel 108 ofFIG. 1.

In some examples, in response to executing the source code 1400, thetrace emulator 430 may prepare the data for the emulation of theinstruction by determining a first source operand (src0) and a secondsource operand (src1). For example, the trace emulator 430 may determinethe first source operand based on a first GPU state, such as a GRF stateassociated with a hardware thread that executed the GPU kernelinstructions. In some examples, in response to executing the source code1400, the trace emulator 430 may determine the second source operandbased on a second GPU state, such as an ARF state associated with thehardware thread that executed the GPU kernel instructions.

In some examples, in response to executing the source code 1400, thetrace emulator 430 may emulate the instruction by determining anexecution mask (exec_mask), a destination register (dst), and a next IPregister (next_ip). In some examples, in response to executing thesource code 1400, the trace emulator 430 may commit the new GPU statebased on the GPU state, the destination register, and the next IPregister to process. For example, the trace emulator 430 may store thenew GPU state for subsequent processing and/or analysis.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart representative of machine readable instructions1500 that may be executed to implement the GLIT engine 102 of FIGS. 1and/or 4 to improve operation of a GPU. The machine readableinstructions 1500 of FIG. 15 begin at block 1502, at which the GLITengine 102 instruments a kernel to be executed by a graphics processingunit (GPU). For example, the instruction generator 410 (FIG. 4) mayinstrument the first kernel 106 of FIG. 1 by inserting the profilinginstructions 104A-104C to generate the second kernel 108 of FIG. 1.

At block 1504, the GLIT engine 102 transmits the instrumented kernel tothe GPU for execution. For example, the instruction generator 410 canprovide the second kernel 108 for storage in the memory 116 of FIG. 1.In some examples, the GPU 110 of FIG. 1 can retrieve the second kernel108 from the instruction generator 410, the GPU driver 122 of FIG. 1,and/or the memory 116.

At block 1506, the GLIT engine 102 obtains GPU long instruction trace(s)(GLIT(s)) from the GPU in response to the GPU executing the instrumentedkernel. For example, in response to obtaining the second kernel 108, theGPU 110 can execute the second kernel 108. In some examples, in responseto executing the second kernel 108, the GPU 110 can generate the GLIT(s)112 of FIG. 1, the GLIT 600 of FIG. 6, etc. For example, the GPU 110 cangenerate the GLIT(s) 112, the GLIT 600 of FIG. 6, etc., to be encoded ina binary format, such as the GLIT format 300 of FIG. 3.

At block 1508, the GLIT engine 102 emulates the GLIT(s). For example,the trace extractor 420 (FIG. 4) can decode the encoded binary kernelthat may implement the GLIT(s) 112, the GLIT 600 of FIG. 6, etc. In someexamples, the trace emulator 430 (FIG. 4) can instrument emulationroutines to provide GPU states before and/or after executing theinstrumented emulation routines to the application 120 of FIG. 1 via oneor more APIs. An example process that may be executed to implement block1508 is described below in connection with FIG. 16.

At block 1510, the GLIT engine 102 determines operating parameter(s) ofthe GPU based on the emulated GLIT(s). For example, the trace analyzer440 (FIG. 4) may determine the GPU states, an execution time parameter,a busy time parameter, an idle time parameter, an occupancy timeparameter, or a utilization parameter based on the emulation of theGLIT(s) 112, the GLIT 600, etc.

At block 1512, the GLIT engine 102 determines whether to adjust aworkload of a GPU based on the operating parameter(s). For example, thehardware configurator 450 (FIG. 4) can determine to increase a number ofinstructions to be executed by the GPU 110 in response to determiningthat the utilization of one(s) of the thread(s) 208 of FIG. 2, and/or,more generally, the GPU slice 200 of FIG. 2, is less than a utilizationthreshold. In some examples, the hardware configurator 450 can determinethat one or more of the threads 208 are not utilized based on theircorresponding GPU states not changing values in response to thedistribution of the second kernel 108 to the GPU 110. In some examples,in response to determining that the one(s) of the thread(s) 208 are notutilized and/or underutilized based on the utilization threshold notbeing satisfied, the hardware configurator 450 may increase the numberof instructions to be executed by the one(s) of the thread(s) 208.

If, at block 1512, the GLIT engine 102 determines to not adjust theworkload of the GPU based on the operating parameter(s), controlproceeds to block 1516 to determine whether to generate anotherinstrumented kernel. If, at block 1512, the GLIT engine 102 determinesto adjust the workload of the GPU based on the operating parameter(s),then, at block 1514, the GLIT engine 102 invokes a GPU driver to adjusta workload of the GPU. For example, the hardware configurator 450 caninstruct the GPU driver 122 to increase a number of instructions to beexecuted by the GPU 110, decrease a number of instructions to beexecuted by the GPU 110, adjust a scheduling of the second kernel 108across one(s) of the thread(s) 208 of one(s) of the execution units 204of FIG. 2, etc., and/or a combination thereof.

In response to invoking the GPU driver to adjust the workload of the GPUat block 1514, at block 1516, the GLIT engine 102 determines whether togenerate another instrumented kernel. For example, the instructiongenerator 410 can determine to instrument a different kernel than thefirst kernel 106 of FIG. 1. In some examples, the instruction generator410 determines to re-instrument the first kernel 106 by adding,subtracting, and/or modifying one(s) of the profiling instructions104A-104C, adding, subtracting, and/or modifying one(s) of the kernelinstructions (e.g., INSTR1, INSTR2, etc., of FIG. 1), etc., and/or acombination thereof.

At block 1518, the GLIT engine 102 determines whether to continueanalyzing the GPU. For example, the trace emulator 430 can determine tocontinue analyzing the GPU 110 to determine operating parameter(s)associated with the GPU 110. In some examples, the trace emulator 430can determine to continue analyzing by restarting and/or otherwisere-emulating the GLIT(s) 112 of FIG. 1, the GLIT 600 of FIG. 6, etc. If,at block 1518, the GLIT engine 102 determines to continue analyzing theGPU, control returns to block 1506 to obtain another GLIT from the GPUin response to the GPU executing the instrumented kernel, otherwise theexample machine readable instructions 1500 of FIG. 15 conclude.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart representative of machine readable instructions1600 that may be executed to implement the GLIT engine 102 of FIGS. 1and/or 4 to emulate one or more example GLITs. In some examples, themachine readable instructions 1600 may implement block 1508 of FIG. 15.The machine readable instructions 1600 of FIG. 16 begin at block 1602,at which the GLIT engine 102 selects a graphics processing unit (GPU)long instruction trace (GLIT) to emulate. For example, the traceextractor 420 (FIG. 4) can select a first one of the GLIT(s) 112 of FIG.1, a first one of the GLIT(s) 470 of FIG. 4, etc., to emulate. In someexamples, the first one of the GLIT(s) 112 may include one or morebinary kernels including a first binary kernel. In some examples, thefirst binary kernel may correspond to, and/or otherwise include dataassociated with, the GLIT 600 of FIG. 6. In such examples, the firstbinary kernel may have a binary format, such as the GLIT format 300 ofFIG. 3.

At block 1604, the GLIT engine 102 decodes the GLIT to generate decodedGLIT data including routine(s) executed by the GPU. For example, thetrace extractor 420 can decode the first binary kernel to generateand/or otherwise output the records 126 of FIG. 1, the records 302 ofFIG. 3, etc. In some examples, the trace extractor 420 can identify thekernel instructions static data 1002 of FIG. 10 based on the records 126of FIG. 1, the records 302 of FIG. 3, etc. For example, the traceextractor 420 can identify routine(s) executed by the GPU 110, such asan addition instruction, a multiplication instruction, a SENDinstruction, a READ SEND instruction, etc., and/or a combination thereof

At block 1606, the GLIT engine 102 stores the decoded GLIT data based oninstruction identifier(s). For example, the trace extractor 420 canstore the kernel instructions static data 1002 utilizing instructionidentifier(s) decoded from the first binary kernel as an index. In someexamples, the trace extractor 420 can store the decoded GLIT data in thestorage 460 (FIG. 4).

At block 1608, the GLIT engine 102 identifies emulation routine(s) basedon identifier(s) of the routine(s) executed by the GPU. For example, thetrace extractor 420 can identify a first routine of the emulationroutines in the emulation routine table 1006 based on an opcode thatcorresponds to a first one of the routine(s) of the kernel instructionsstatic data 1002.

At block 1610, the GLIT engine 102 stores association(s) of at leastone(s) of the instruction identifier(s) or emulation routine(s). Forexample, the trace extractor 420 can associate one(s) of the instructionidentifier(s) (e.g., INST 0, INST1, INST2, etc., of FIG. 10) of thekernel instructions static data 1002 of FIG. 10, one(s) of the opcodes(e.g., OPCODE 0, OPCODE 1, OPCODE 2, etc., of FIG. 10) of the opcodeemulation table 1004 of FIG. 10, or one(s) of the emulation routines(e.g., ADD_EMUL, SUB_EMUL, MUL_EMUL, etc.) of the emulation routinestable 1006 of FIG. 10. In some examples, the trace extractor 420 canstore the associations in the storage 460.

At block 1612, the GLIT engine 102 instruments emulation routine(s) withcallback routine(s). For example, the trace emulator 430 (FIG. 4) caninstrument one(s) of the emulation routines included in the emulationroutines table 1006 of FIG. 10 by inserting example instrumentationinstructions, such as the first instrumentation routine 1302 of FIG. 13and/or the second instrumentation routine 1304 of FIG. 13, into thesource code 1300 of FIG. 13.

At block 1614, the GLIT engine 102 registers the callback routine(s) toinvoke application programming interface(s) (API(s)). For example, thetrace emulator 430 can register the instrumented one(s) of the emulationroutines of the emulation routines table 1006 with the application 120of FIG. 1, an OS operating on the CPU 118 of FIG. 1, etc., and/or acombination thereof.

At block 1616, the GLIT engine 102 executes the instrumented emulationroutine to invoke API(s) to observe GPU state(s). For example, inresponse to executing the registered callback routines included in theinstrumented emulation routines, the trace emulator 430 can executeregistered callback routines to invoke one or more APIs to observe GPUstates. In some examples, the GPU states may correspond to the GPUstates 1008, 1010 of FIG. 10. For example, in response to invoking theone or more APIs, the trace emulator 430 can observe a first value of aGPU state of one of the threads 208 prior to executing the second kernel108 and/or a second value of the GPU state of the one of the threads 208after executing the second kernel 108.

At block 1618, the GLIT engine 102 determines whether to select anotherGLIT to emulate. For example, the trace emulator 430 and/or the traceanalyzer 440 can determine to select another one of the GLIT(s) 112 tosimulate. If, at block 1618, the GLIT engine 102 determines to selectanother GLIT to process, control returns to block 1602 to select anotherGLIT to emulate. If, at block 1618, the GLIT engine 102 determines notto select another GLIT to emulate, control may return to block 1510 ofthe example machine readable instructions 1500 of FIG. 15 to determineoperating parameter(s) of the GPU based on the emulated GLIT(s).Additionally or alternatively, the example machine readable instructions1600 of FIG. 16 may conclude.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart representative of machine readable instructions1700 that may be executed to implement the GLIT engine 102 of FIGS. 1and/or 4 to improve operation of a GPU. The machine readableinstructions 1700 of FIG. 17 begin at block 1702, at which the GLITengine 102, and/or, more generally, the CPU 118 of FIG. 1, insertsprofile routine(s) in a kernel including graphics processing unit (GPU)instruction(s) to be executed by a GPU. For example, the instructiongenerator 410 (FIG. 4) may insert the profiling instructions 104A-104Cinto the first kernel 106 to generate the second kernel 108 of FIG. 1,which may be executed by the GPU 110 of FIG. 1. In some examples, thefirst kernel 106 and the second kernel 108 include GPU instructions,such as an addition instruction, a multiplication instruction, a SENDinstruction, a READ SEND instruction, etc., and/or a combinationthereof.

At block 1704, the GPU 110 distributes the kernel for execution byhardware thread(s) (HWT(s)) of the GPU. For example, the instructiongenerator 410 can provide the second kernel 108 for storage in thememory 116 of FIG. 1. In some examples, the GPU 110 of FIG. 1 canretrieve the second kernel 108 from the instruction generator 410, theGPU driver 122 of FIG. 1, and/or the memory 116. For example, the localthread dispatcher 220 of FIG. 2 may obtain the second kernel 108 anddistribute the second kernel to one(s) of the thread(s) 208 forexecution.

At block 1706, the GPU 110 determines first register value(s) ofrespective first register(s) of a General-Purpose Register File (GRF) ofthe HWT(s). For example, a first thread of the thread(s) 208 maydetermine one or more first register values of one or more firstregisters of a first GRF implemented by the first thread. In someexamples, a second thread of the thread(s) 208 may determine one or moresecond register values of one or second more registers of a second GRFimplemented by the second thread.

At block 1708, the GPU 110 determines second register value(s) ofrespective second register(s) of an Architectural Register File (ARF) ofthe HWT(s). For example, the first thread of the thread(s) 208 maydetermine one or more third register values of one or more firstregisters of a first ARF implemented by the first thread. In someexamples, the second thread of the thread(s) 208 may determine one ormore second fourth values of one or second more registers of a secondARF implemented by the second thread.

At block 1710, the GPU 110 determines third register value(s) inresponse to the HWT(s) executing the GPU instruction(s). For example,the first thread of the thread(s) 208 may determine one or more fifthregister values of one or more respective first destination registers inresponse to the first thread executing a SEND instruction to the sampler216 of FIG. 2, the cache memory 210 of FIG. 2, etc. In some examples,the second thread of the thread(s) 208 may determine one or more sixthregister values of one or more respective second destination registersin response to the second thread executing a SEND instruction to thesampler 216 of FIG. 2, the cache memory 210 of FIG. 2, etc.

At block 1712, the GPU 110 stores the first register value(s), thesecond register value(s), the third register value(s), and the GPUinstruction(s) in GPU long instruction trace(s) (GLIT(s)). For example,the first thread of the thread(s) 208 may store at least one of the oneor more first register values, the one or more third register values,the one or more fifth register values, or the one or more GPUinstructions in an encoded binary file that may implement a GLIT, suchas one of the GLIT(s) 112 of FIG. 1, one of the GLIT(s) 470 of FIG. 4,the GLIT 600 of FIG. 6, etc. In some examples, the second thread of thethread(s) 208 may store at least one of the one or more second registervalues, the one or more fourth register values, the one or more sixthregister values, or the one or more GPU instructions in the encodedbinary file.

At block 1714, the GLIT engine 102, and/or, more generally, the CPU 118,inserts callback routine(s) into routine(s) to invoke API(s) to provideinformation from the GLIT(s) to application(s). For example, the traceemulator 430 (FIG. 4) can insert the first instrumentation routine 1302and/or the second instrumentation routine 1304 of FIG. 13 into thesource code 1300 of FIG. 13 to provide data from the GLIT(s) 112, suchas a GPU state, to the application 120 of FIG. 1 via one or more APIs.

At block 1716, the GLIT engine 102, and/or, more generally, the CPU 118,determines operating parameter(s) of the GPU based on the GLIT(s)including GPU utilization. For example, the trace analyzer 440 (FIG. 4)can determine one or more operating parameters of the GPU 110 includinga utilization of the GPU 110 based on the data from the GLIT(s) 112.

At block 1718, the GLIT engine 102, and/or, more generally, the CPU 118,compares the operating parameter(s) to threshold(s). For example, thetrace analyzer 440 can compare the utilization to a threshold, such asutilization threshold. In some examples, the trace analyzer 440 cancompare a busy time, an occupancy, etc., of the GPU 110 to a busy timethreshold, an occupancy threshold, etc.

At block 1720, the GLIT engine 102, and/or, more generally, the CPU 118,adjusts a number of computational tasks to be executed by a GPU based onthe comparison(s). For example, the hardware configurator 450 (FIG. 4)can determine to increase a number of computational tasks to be executedby the GPU 110 or a different GPU based on the comparison of theutilization to the utilization threshold. In some examples, in responseto determining that a utilization of 70% of the GPU 110 is below autilization threshold of 90% of the GPU 110 and thereby does not satisfythe utilization threshold, the hardware configurator 450 can instructand/or otherwise cause the GPU driver 110 of FIG. 1 to increase a numberof computational tasks, kernels, etc., to be executed by the GPU 110. Inresponse to adjusting the number of computational tasks to be executedby the GPU based on the comparison(s) at block 1720, the example machinereadable instructions 1700 of FIG. 17 conclude.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an example processor platform 1800structured to execute the instructions of FIGS. 11-17 to implement theGLIT engine 102 of FIGS. 1 and/or 4. The processor platform 1800 can be,for example, a server, a personal computer, a workstation, aself-learning machine (e.g., a neural network), or any other type ofcomputing device.

The processor platform 1800 of the illustrated example includes aprocessor 1812. The processor 1812 of the illustrated example ishardware. For example, the processor 1812 can be implemented by one ormore integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors, GPUs, DSPs,or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer. The hardwareprocessor may be a semiconductor based (e.g., silicon based) device. Inthis example, the processor 1812 implements the example instructiongenerator 410, the example trace extractor 420, the example traceemulator 430, the example trace analyzer 440, and the example hardwareconfigurator 450 of FIG. 4.

The processor 1812 of the illustrated example includes a local memory1813 (e.g., a cache). The processor 1812 of the illustrated example isin communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 1814 anda non-volatile memory 1816 via a bus 1818. The volatile memory 1814 maybe implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM),Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS® Dynamic Random AccessMemory (RDRAM®) and/or any other type of random access memory device.The non-volatile memory 1816 may be implemented by flash memory and/orany other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 1814,1816 is controlled by a memory controller.

The processor platform 1800 of the illustrated example also includes aninterface circuit 1820. The interface circuit 1820 may be implemented byany type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, auniversal serial bus (USB), a Bluetooth® interface, a near fieldcommunication (NFC) interface, and/or a PCI express interface.

In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 1822 are connectedto the interface circuit 1820. The input device(s) 1822 permit(s) a userto enter data and/or commands into the processor 1812. The inputdevice(s) can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, amicrophone, a camera (still or video), a keyboard, a button, a mouse, atouchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, an isopoint device, and/or avoice recognition system.

One or more output devices 1824 are also connected to the interfacecircuit 1820 of the illustrated example. The output devices 1824 can beimplemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emittingdiode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystaldisplay (LCD), a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, an in-place switching(IPS) display, a touchscreen, etc.), a tactile output device, a printer,and/or speaker. The interface circuit 1820 of the illustrated example,thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver chipand/or a graphics driver processor.

The interface circuit 1820 of the illustrated example also includes acommunication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, amodem, a residential gateway, a wireless access point, and/or a networkinterface to facilitate exchange of data with external machines (e.g.,computing devices of any kind) via a network 1826. The communication canbe via, for example, an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line(DSL) connection, a telephone line connection, a coaxial cable system, asatellite system, a line-of-site wireless system, a cellular telephonesystem, etc.

The processor platform 1800 of the illustrated example also includes oneor more mass storage devices 1828 for storing software and/or data.Examples of such mass storage devices 1828 include floppy disk drives,hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, redundantarray of independent disks (RAID) systems, and digital versatile disk(DVD) drives. In this example, the one or more mass storage devices 1828implement the storage 460 of FIG. 4, which stores the example GLIT(s)470 of FIG. 4.

The machine executable instructions 1832 of FIGS. 11-17 may be stored inthe mass storage device 1828, in the volatile memory 1814, in thenon-volatile memory 1816, and/or on a removable non-transitory computerreadable storage medium such as a CD or DVD.

A block diagram illustrating an example software distribution platform1905 to distribute software such as the example computer readableinstructions 1832 of FIG. 18 to third parties is illustrated in FIG. 19.The example software distribution platform 1905 may be implemented byany computer server, data facility, cloud service, etc., capable ofstoring and transmitting software to other computing devices. The thirdparties may be customers of the entity owning and/or operating thesoftware distribution platform. For example, the entity that owns and/oroperates the software distribution platform may be a developer, aseller, and/or a licensor of software such as the example computerreadable instructions 1832 of FIG. 18. The third parties may beconsumers, users, retailers, OEMs, etc., who purchase and/or license thesoftware for use and/or re-sale and/or sub-licensing. In the illustratedexample, the software distribution platform 1905 includes one or moreservers and one or more storage devices. The storage devices store thecomputer readable instructions 1832, which may correspond to the examplecomputer readable instructions 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700of FIGS. 11-17, as described above. The one or more servers of theexample software distribution platform 1905 are in communication with anetwork 1910, which may correspond to any one or more of the Internetand/or any of the example networks 1826 described above. In someexamples, the one or more servers are responsive to requests to transmitthe software to a requesting party as part of a commercial transaction.Payment for the delivery, sale and/or license of the software may behandled by the one or more servers of the software distribution platform1905 and/or via a third party payment entity. The servers enablepurchasers and/or licensors to download the computer readableinstructions 1832 from the software distribution platform 1905. Forexample, the software, which may correspond to the example computerreadable instructions 1832 of FIG. 18, may be downloaded to the exampleprocessor platform 1800, which is to execute the computer readableinstructions 1832 to implement the example GLIT engine 102 of FIGS. 1and/or 4. In some example, one or more servers of the softwaredistribution platform 1905 periodically offer, transmit, and/or forceupdates to the software (e.g., the example computer readableinstructions 1832 of FIG. 18) to ensure improvements, patches, updates,etc., are distributed and applied to the software at the end userdevices.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that example systems,methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture have been disclosed thatmay be used to improve operation of a hardware processor, such as a GPU.The disclosed systems, methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacturedefine LITs for different hardware processors, such as the GPU, tofacilitate the development of flexible analysis tools that may bedeveloped in high-level languages such as C, C++, etc. Advantageously,such analysis tools may analyze operation of the hardware processor togenerate profiling data at the granular level of a single hardwarethread of the hardware processor. Advantageously, the disclosed systems,methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture may generatemulti-threaded traces because the same kernel may be distributed tomultiple threads of the hardware processor.

The disclosed systems, methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacturemay improve kernel debugging, developing models of memory, cache,samplers, etc., that may be utilized to improve operation of the GPU.For example, the disclosed systems, methods, apparatus, and articles ofmanufacture improve the efficiency of using a computing device byimproving operation of the hardware processor of the computing device,such as by increasing a quantity of computational tasks to be executedby the hardware processor. The disclosed methods, apparatus and articlesof manufacture are accordingly directed to one or more improvement(s) inthe functioning of a computer.

Example methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture togenerate graphics processing unit long instruction traces are disclosedherein. Further examples and combinations thereof include the following:

Example 1 includes an apparatus comprising at least one memory, and atleast one processor to execute instructions to at least identify a firstroutine based on an identifier of a second routine executed by agraphics processing unit (GPU), the first routine based on an emulationof the second routine, execute the first routine to determine a firstvalue of a GPU state of the GPU, the first routine having (i) a firstargument associated with the second routine and (ii) a second argumentcorresponding to a second value of the GPU state prior to executing thefirst routine, and control a workload of the GPU based on the firstvalue of the GPU state.

Example 2 includes the apparatus of example 1, wherein the GPU state isa state of a first register in an Architectural Register File associatedwith a hardware thread of the GPU or a second register of aGeneral-Purpose Register File of the hardware thread.

Example 3 includes the apparatus of any one of examples 1-2, wherein theidentifier is a first identifier extracted from an encoded binary file,and the at least one processor is to insert one or more profile routinesin a kernel to be executed by a hardware thread of the GPU, anddetermine the first value, the second value, and a hardware threadidentifier from a long instruction trace, the long instruction tracegenerated by the hardware thread in response to an execution of the oneor more profile routines by the hardware thread, the first valuecorresponding to a GPU register value after an execution of the kernelby the hardware thread, the second value corresponding to the GPUregister value prior to the execution of the kernel by the hardwarethread, the hardware thread identifier to identify the hardware thread.

Example 4 includes the apparatus of any one of examples 1-3, wherein thehardware thread is a first hardware thread, the long instruction traceis a first long instruction trace associated with the first hardwarethread, and the encoded binary file includes the first long instructiontrace and one or more second long instruction traces associated with oneor more second hardware threads, the encoded binary file representativeof a multi-threaded GPU trace.

Example 5 includes the apparatus of any one of examples 1-4, wherein thekernel includes a device access instruction to be executed by thehardware thread, and the at least one processor is to determine one ormore first register values of one or more respective first registers ofa General-Purpose Register File of the GPU, determine one or more secondregister values of one or more respective second registers of anArchitectural Register File of the GPU, and store the one or more firstregister values, the one or more second register values, one or morethird register values, and the device access instruction in the longinstruction trace, the one or more third register values correspondingto one or more respective destination registers associated with thedevice access instruction.

Example 6 includes the apparatus of any one of examples 1-5, wherein theat least one processor is to determine a utilization of the GPU based onthe first GPU state, compare the utilization to a threshold, and inresponse to determining that the threshold has not been satisfied basedon the comparison, cause at least one of an adjustment to the secondroutine or an increased number of computational tasks to be executed bythe GPU to control the workload of the GPU.

Example 7 includes the apparatus of any one of examples 1-6, wherein thefirst routine is an instrumented routine including an emulation routine,and the at least one processor is to insert a first callback routine inthe instrumented routine before the emulation routine, the firstcallback routine to invoke a first application programming interface(API) to provide the second GPU state to an application, and insert asecond callback routine in the instrumented routine after the emulationroutine, the second callback routine to invoke the first API or a secondAPI to provide the first GPU state to the application.

Example 8 includes at least one storage device comprising instructionsthat, when executed, cause at least one processor to at least identify afirst routine based on an identifier of a second routine executed by agraphics processing unit (GPU), the first routine based on an emulationof the second routine, execute the first routine to determine a firstvalue of a GPU state of the GPU, the first routine having (i) a firstargument associated with the second routine and (ii) a second argumentcorresponding to a second value of the GPU state prior to executing thefirst routine, and control a workload of the GPU based on the firstvalue of the GPU state.

Example 9 includes the at least one storage device of example 8, whereinthe GPU state is a state of a first register in an ArchitecturalRegister File associated with a hardware thread of the GPU or a secondregister of a General-Purpose Register File of the hardware thread.

Example 10 includes the at least one storage device of any of examples8-9, wherein the identifier is a first identifier extracted from anencoded binary file, and the instructions, when executed, cause the atleast one processor to insert one or more profile routines in a kernelto be executed by a hardware thread of the GPU, and determine the firstvalue, the second value, and a hardware thread identifier from a longinstruction trace, the long instruction trace generated by the hardwarethread in response to an execution of the one or more profile routinesby the hardware thread, the first value corresponding to a GPU registervalue after an execution of the kernel by the hardware thread, thesecond value corresponding to the GPU register value prior to theexecution of the kernel by the hardware thread, the hardware threadidentifier to identify the hardware thread.

Example 11 includes the at least one storage device of any of examples8-10, wherein the hardware thread is a first hardware thread, the longinstruction trace is a first long instruction trace associated with thefirst hardware thread, and the encoded binary file includes the firstlong instruction trace and one or more second long instruction tracesassociated with one or more second hardware threads, the encoded binaryfile representative of a multi-threaded GPU trace.

Example 12 includes the at least one storage device of any of examples8-11, wherein the kernel includes a device access instruction to beexecuted by the hardware thread, and the instructions, when executed,cause the at least one processor to determine one or more first registervalues of one or more respective first registers of a General-PurposeRegister File of the GPU, determine one or more second register valuesof one or more respective second registers of an Architectural RegisterFile of the GPU, and store the one or more first register values, theone or more second register values, one or more third register values,and the device access instruction in the long instruction trace, the oneor more third register values corresponding to one or more respectivedestination registers associated with the device access instruction.

Example 13 includes the at least one storage device of any of examples8-12, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the at least oneprocessor to determine a utilization of the GPU based on the first GPUstate, compare the utilization to a threshold, and in response todetermining that the threshold has not been satisfied based on thecomparison, cause at least one of an adjustment to the second routine oran increased number of computational tasks to be executed by the GPU tocontrol the workload of the GPU.

Example 14 includes the at least one storage device of any of examples8-13, wherein the first routine is an instrumented routine including anemulation routine, and the instructions, when executed, cause the atleast one processor to insert a first callback routine in theinstrumented routine before the emulation routine, the first callbackroutine to invoke a first application programming interface (API) toprovide the second GPU state to an application, and insert a secondcallback routine in the instrumented routine after the emulationroutine, the second callback routine to invoke the first API or a secondAPI to provide the first GPU state to the application.

Example 15 includes an apparatus comprising means for identifying afirst routine based on an identifier of a second routine executed by agraphics processing unit (GPU), the first routine based on an emulationof the second routine, means for executing the first routine todetermine a first value of a GPU state of the GPU, the first routinehaving (i) a first argument associated with the second routine and (ii)a second argument corresponding to a second value of the GPU state priorto executing the first routine, and means for controlling a workload ofthe GPU based on the first value of the GPU state.

Example 16 includes the apparatus of example 15, wherein the GPU stateis a state of a first register in an Architectural Register Fileassociated with a hardware thread of the GPU or a second register of aGeneral-Purpose Register File of the hardware thread.

Example 17 includes the apparatus of any of examples 15-16, wherein theidentifier is a first identifier extracted from an encoded binary file,and further including means for inserting one or more profile routinesin a kernel to be executed by a hardware thread of the GPU, and themeans for executing to determine the first value, the second value, anda hardware thread identifier from a long instruction trace generated bythe hardware thread in response to an execution of the one or moreprofile routines by the hardware thread, the first value correspondingto a GPU register value after an execution of the kernel by the hardwarethread, the second value corresponding to the GPU register value priorto the execution of the kernel by the hardware thread, the hardwarethread identifier to identify the hardware thread.

Example 18 includes the apparatus of any of examples 15-17, wherein thehardware thread is a first hardware thread, the long instruction traceis a first long instruction trace associated with the first hardwarethread, and the encoded binary file includes the first long instructiontrace and one or more second long instruction traces associated with oneor more second hardware threads, the encoded binary file representativeof a multi-threaded GPU trace.

Example 19 includes the apparatus of any of examples 15-18, wherein thekernel includes a device access instruction to be executed by thehardware thread, and the means for executing is to determine one or morefirst register values of one or more respective first registers of aGeneral-Purpose Register File of the GPU, determine one or more secondregister values of one or more respective second registers of anArchitectural Register File of the GPU, and store the one or more firstregister values, the one or more second register values, one or morethird register values, and the device access instruction in the longinstruction trace, the one or more third register values correspondingto one or more respective destination registers associated with thedevice access instruction.

Example 20 includes the apparatus of any of examples 15-19, furtherincluding means for determining a utilization of the GPU based on thefirst GPU state, and the means for controlling is to, in response todetermining that the utilization does not satisfy a threshold, cause atleast one of an adjustment to the second routine or an increased numberof computational tasks to be executed by the GPU to control the workloadof the GPU.

Example 21 includes the apparatus of any of examples 15-20, wherein thefirst routine is an instrumented routine including an emulation routine,and the means for executing is to insert a first callback routine in theinstrumented routine before the emulation routine, the first callbackroutine to invoke a first application programming interface (API) toprovide the second GPU state to an application, and insert a secondcallback routine in the instrumented routine after the emulationroutine, the second callback routine to invoke the first API or a secondAPI to provide the first GPU state to the application.

Example 22 includes a system comprising a graphics processing unit (GPU)having a hardware thread, the hardware thread to determine a first valueof a GPU state, execute a GPU routine included in a kernel to determinea second value of the GPU state, and generate a long instruction traceincluding the GPU routine, the first value, and the second value, and acentral processing unit (CPU) to insert one or more profile routines inthe kernel, identify a first routine based on an identifier of the GPUroutine, the first routine based on an emulation of the GPU routine,execute the first routine to replay execution of the GPU routine todetermine the second value of the GPU state, the first routine to have(i) a first argument associated with the GPU routine and (ii) a secondargument corresponding to the first value of the GPU state, and controla workload of the GPU based on the execution of the first routine.

Example 23 includes the system of example 22, wherein the GPU state is astate of a first register in an Architectural Register File associatedwith a hardware thread of the GPU or a second register of aGeneral-Purpose Register File of the hardware thread.

Example 24 includes the system of any of examples 22-23, wherein theidentifier is a first identifier extracted from an encoded binary file,the encoded binary file including the long instruction trace, and theCPU is to determine the first value, the second value, and a hardwarethread identifier from the encoded binary file, the hardware threadidentifier to identify the hardware thread.

Example 25 includes the system of any of examples 22-24, wherein thehardware thread is a first hardware thread, the long instruction traceis a first long instruction trace associated with the first hardwarethread, and the encoded binary file includes the first long instructiontrace and one or more second long instruction traces associated with oneor more second hardware threads, the one or more second hardware threadsto generate the one or more second long instruction traces in responseto one or more executions of the kernel, the encoded binary filerepresentative of a multi-threaded GPU trace.

Example 26 includes the system of any of examples 22-25, wherein thekernel includes a device access instruction to be executed by thehardware thread, and the GPU is to determine one or more first registervalues of one or more respective first registers of a General-PurposeRegister File of the GPU, determine one or more second register valuesof one or more respective second registers of an Architectural RegisterFile of the GPU, and store the one or more first register values, theone or more second register values, one or more third register values,and the device access instruction in the long instruction trace, the oneor more third register values corresponding to one or more respectivedestination registers associated with the device access instruction.

Example 27 includes the system of any of examples 22-26, wherein the CPUis to determine a utilization of the GPU based on the first GPU state,compare the utilization to a threshold, and in response to determiningthat the threshold has not been satisfied based on the comparison, causeat least one of an adjustment to the GPU routine or an increased numberof computational tasks to be executed by the GPU to control the workloadof the GPU.

Example 28 includes the system of any of examples 22-27, wherein thefirst routine is an instrumented routine including an emulation routine,further including an application, and the CPU is to insert a firstcallback routine in the instrumented routine before the emulationroutine, the first callback routine to invoke a first applicationprogramming interface (API) to provide the second GPU state to theapplication, and insert a second callback routine in the instrumentedroutine after the emulation routine, the second callback routine toinvoke the first API or a second API to provide the first GPU state tothe application.

Example 29 includes a method comprising identifying a first routinebased on an identifier of a second routine executed by a graphicsprocessing unit (GPU), the first routine based on an emulation of thesecond routine, executing the first routine to determine a first valueof a GPU state of the GPU, the first routine having (i) a first argumentassociated with the second routine and (ii) a second argumentcorresponding to a second value of the GPU state prior to executing thefirst routine, and controlling a workload of the GPU based on the firstvalue of the GPU state.

Example 30 includes the method of example 29, wherein the GPU state is astate of a first register in an Architectural Register File associatedwith a hardware thread of the GPU or a second register of aGeneral-Purpose Register File of the hardware thread.

Example 31 includes the method of any of examples 29-30, wherein theidentifier is a first identifier extracted from an encoded binary file,and further including inserting one or more profile routines in a kernelto be executed by a hardware thread of the GPU, determine the secondvalue of the GPU state prior to the hardware thread executing thekernel, and in response to the hardware thread executing the kernel,generating a long instruction trace to include the first value of theGPU state and a second identifier corresponding to the hardware thread.

Example 32 includes the method of any of examples 29-31, wherein thehardware thread is a first hardware thread, the long instruction traceis a first long instruction trace associated with the first hardwarethread, and the encoded binary file includes the first long instructiontrace and one or more second long instruction traces associated with oneor more second hardware threads, the encoded binary file representativeof a multi-threaded GPU trace.

Example 33 includes the method of any of examples 29-32, wherein thekernel includes a device access instruction to be executed by thehardware thread, and further including determining one or more firstregister values of one or more respective first registers of aGeneral-Purpose Register File of the GPU, determining one or more secondregister values of one or more respective second registers of anArchitectural Register File of the GPU, and storing the one or morefirst register values, the one or more second register values, one ormore third register values, and the device access instruction in thelong instruction trace, the one or more third register valuescorresponding to one or more respective destination registers associatedwith the device access instruction.

Example 34 includes the method of any of examples 29-33, furtherincluding determining a utilization of the GPU based on the first GPUstate, comparing the utilization to a threshold, and in response todetermining that the threshold has not been satisfied based on thecomparison, causing at least one of an adjustment to the second routineor an increased number of computational tasks to be executed by the GPUto control the workload of the GPU.

Example 35 includes the method of any of examples 29-34, wherein thefirst routine is an instrumented routine including an emulation routine,and further including inserting a first callback routine in theinstrumented routine before the emulation routine, the first callbackroutine to invoke a first application programming interface (API) toprovide the second GPU state to an application, and inserting a secondcallback routine in the instrumented routine after the emulationroutine, the second callback routine to invoke the first API or a secondAPI to provide the first GPU state to the application.

Although certain example systems, methods, apparatus, and articles ofmanufacture have been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of thispatent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers allsystems, methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture fairly fallingwithin the scope of the claims of this patent.

The following claims are hereby incorporated into this DetailedDescription by this reference, with each claim standing on its own as aseparate embodiment of the present disclosure.

1. An apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least oneprocessor to execute instructions to at least: identify a first routinebased on an identifier of a second routine executed by a graphicsprocessing unit (GPU), the first routine based on an emulation of thesecond routine; execute the first routine to determine a first value ofa GPU state of the GPU, the first routine having (i) a first argumentassociated with the second routine and (ii) a second argumentcorresponding to a second value of the GPU state prior to executing thefirst routine; and control a workload of the GPU based on the firstvalue of the GPU state.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the GPUstate is a state of a first register in an Architectural Register Fileassociated with a hardware thread of the GPU or a second register of aGeneral-Purpose Register File of the hardware thread.
 3. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein the identifier is a first identifier extracted froman encoded binary file, and the at least one processor is to: insert oneor more profile routines in a kernel to be executed by a hardware threadof the GPU; and determine the first value, the second value, and ahardware thread identifier from a long instruction trace, the longinstruction trace generated by the hardware thread in response to anexecution of the one or more profile routines by the hardware thread,the first value corresponding to a GPU register value after an executionof the kernel by the hardware thread, the second value corresponding tothe GPU register value prior to the execution of the kernel by thehardware thread, the hardware thread identifier to identify the hardwarethread.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the hardware thread is afirst hardware thread, the long instruction trace is a first longinstruction trace associated with the first hardware thread, and theencoded binary file includes the first long instruction trace and one ormore second long instruction traces associated with one or more secondhardware threads, the encoded binary file representative of amulti-threaded GPU trace.
 5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein thekernel includes a device access instruction to be executed by thehardware thread, and the at least one processor is to: determine one ormore first register values of one or more respective first registers ofa General-Purpose Register File of the GPU; determine one or more secondregister values of one or more respective second registers of anArchitectural Register File of the GPU; and store the one or more firstregister values, the one or more second register values, one or morethird register values, and the device access instruction in the longinstruction trace, the one or more third register values correspondingto one or more respective destination registers associated with thedevice access instruction.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the atleast one processor is to: determine a utilization of the GPU based onthe first GPU state; compare the utilization to a threshold; and inresponse to determining that the threshold has not been satisfied basedon the comparison, cause at least one of an adjustment to the secondroutine or an increased number of computational tasks to be executed bythe GPU to control the workload of the GPU.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the first routine is an instrumented routine including anemulation routine, and the at least one processor is to: insert a firstcallback routine in the instrumented routine before the emulationroutine, the first callback routine to invoke a first applicationprogramming interface (API) to provide the second GPU state to anapplication; and insert a second callback routine in the instrumentedroutine after the emulation routine, the second callback routine toinvoke the first API or a second API to provide the first GPU state tothe application.
 8. At least one storage device comprising instructionsthat, when executed, cause at least one processor to at least: identifya first routine based on an identifier of a second routine executed by agraphics processing unit (GPU), the first routine based on an emulationof the second routine; execute the first routine to determine a firstvalue of a GPU state of the GPU, the first routine having (i) a firstargument associated with the second routine and (ii) a second argumentcorresponding to a second value of the GPU state prior to executing thefirst routine; and control a workload of the GPU based on the firstvalue of the GPU state.
 9. The at least one storage device of claim 8,wherein the GPU state is a state of a first register in an ArchitecturalRegister File associated with a hardware thread of the GPU or a secondregister of a General-Purpose Register File of the hardware thread. 10.The at least one storage device of claim 8, wherein the identifier is afirst identifier extracted from an encoded binary file, and theinstructions, when executed, cause the at least one processor to: insertone or more profile routines in a kernel to be executed by a hardwarethread of the GPU; and determine the first value, the second value, anda hardware thread identifier from a long instruction trace, the longinstruction trace generated by the hardware thread in response to anexecution of the one or more profile routines by the hardware thread,the first value corresponding to a GPU register value after an executionof the kernel by the hardware thread, the second value corresponding tothe GPU register value prior to the execution of the kernel by thehardware thread, the hardware thread identifier to identify the hardwarethread.
 11. The at least one storage device of claim 10, wherein thehardware thread is a first hardware thread, the long instruction traceis a first long instruction trace associated with the first hardwarethread, and the encoded binary file includes the first long instructiontrace and one or more second long instruction traces associated with oneor more second hardware threads, the encoded binary file representativeof a multi-threaded GPU trace.
 12. The at least one storage device ofclaim 10, wherein the kernel includes a device access instruction to beexecuted by the hardware thread, and the instructions, when executed,cause the at least one processor to: determine one or more firstregister values of one or more respective first registers of aGeneral-Purpose Register File of the GPU; determine one or more secondregister values of one or more respective second registers of anArchitectural Register File of the GPU; and store the one or more firstregister values, the one or more second register values, one or morethird register values, and the device access instruction in the longinstruction trace, the one or more third register values correspondingto one or more respective destination registers associated with thedevice access instruction.
 13. The at least one storage device of claim8, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the at least oneprocessor to: determine a utilization of the GPU based on the first GPUstate; compare the utilization to a threshold; and in response todetermining that the threshold has not been satisfied based on thecomparison, cause at least one of an adjustment to the second routine oran increased number of computational tasks to be executed by the GPU tocontrol the workload of the GPU.
 14. The at least one storage device ofclaim 8, wherein the first routine is an instrumented routine includingan emulation routine, and the instructions, when executed, cause the atleast one processor to: insert a first callback routine in theinstrumented routine before the emulation routine, the first callbackroutine to invoke a first application programming interface (API) toprovide the second GPU state to an application; and insert a secondcallback routine in the instrumented routine after the emulationroutine, the second callback routine to invoke the first API or a secondAPI to provide the first GPU state to the application.
 15. An apparatuscomprising: means for identifying a first routine based on an identifierof a second routine executed by a graphics processing unit (GPU), thefirst routine based on an emulation of the second routine; means forexecuting the first routine to determine a first value of a GPU state ofthe GPU, the first routine having (i) a first argument associated withthe second routine and (ii) a second argument corresponding to a secondvalue of the GPU state prior to executing the first routine; and meansfor controlling a workload of the GPU based on the first value of theGPU state.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the GPU state is astate of a first register in an Architectural Register File associatedwith a hardware thread of the GPU or a second register of aGeneral-Purpose Register File of the hardware thread.
 17. The apparatusof claim 15, wherein the identifier is a first identifier extracted froman encoded binary file, and further including: means for inserting oneor more profile routines in a kernel to be executed by a hardware threadof the GPU; and the means for executing to determine the first value,the second value, and a hardware thread identifier from a longinstruction trace generated by the hardware thread in response to anexecution of the one or more profile routines by the hardware thread,the first value corresponding to a GPU register value after an executionof the kernel by the hardware thread, the second value corresponding tothe GPU register value prior to the execution of the kernel by thehardware thread, the hardware thread identifier to identify the hardwarethread.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the hardware thread is afirst hardware thread, the long instruction trace is a first longinstruction trace associated with the first hardware thread, and theencoded binary file includes the first long instruction trace and one ormore second long instruction traces associated with one or more secondhardware threads, the encoded binary file representative of amulti-threaded GPU trace.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein thekernel includes a device access instruction to be executed by thehardware thread, and the means for executing is to: determine one ormore first register values of one or more respective first registers ofa General-Purpose Register File of the GPU; determine one or more secondregister values of one or more respective second registers of anArchitectural Register File of the GPU; and store the one or more firstregister values, the one or more second register values, one or morethird register values, and the device access instruction in the longinstruction trace, the one or more third register values correspondingto one or more respective destination registers associated with thedevice access instruction.
 20. The apparatus of claim 15, furtherincluding means for determining a utilization of the GPU based on thefirst GPU state, and the means for controlling is to, in response todetermining that the utilization does not satisfy a threshold, cause atleast one of an adjustment to the second routine or an increased numberof computational tasks to be executed by the GPU to control the workloadof the GPU.
 21. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the first routine isan instrumented routine including an emulation routine, and the meansfor executing is to: insert a first callback routine in the instrumentedroutine before the emulation routine, the first callback routine toinvoke a first application programming interface (API) to provide thesecond GPU state to an application; and insert a second callback routinein the instrumented routine after the emulation routine, the secondcallback routine to invoke the first API or a second API to provide thefirst GPU state to the application.
 22. A system comprising: a graphicsprocessing unit (GPU) having a hardware thread, the hardware thread to:determine a first value of a GPU state; execute a GPU routine includedin a kernel to determine a second value of the GPU state; and generate along instruction trace including the GPU routine, the first value, andthe second value; and a central processing unit (CPU) to: insert one ormore profile routines in the kernel; identify a first routine based onan identifier of the GPU routine, the first routine based on anemulation of the GPU routine; execute the first routine to replayexecution of the GPU routine to determine the second value of the GPUstate, the first routine to have (i) a first argument associated withthe GPU routine and (ii) a second argument corresponding to the firstvalue of the GPU state; and control a workload of the GPU based on theexecution of the first routine.
 23. The system of claim 22, wherein theGPU state is a state of a first register in an Architectural RegisterFile associated with a hardware thread of the GPU or a second registerof a General-Purpose Register File of the hardware thread.
 24. Thesystem of claim 22, wherein the identifier is a first identifierextracted from an encoded binary file, the encoded binary file includingthe long instruction trace, and the CPU is to determine the first value,the second value, and a hardware thread identifier from the encodedbinary file, the hardware thread identifier to identify the hardwarethread.
 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the hardware thread is afirst hardware thread, the long instruction trace is a first longinstruction trace associated with the first hardware thread, and theencoded binary file includes the first long instruction trace and one ormore second long instruction traces associated with one or more secondhardware threads, the one or more second hardware threads to generatethe one or more second long instruction traces in response to one ormore executions of the kernel, the encoded binary file representative ofa multi-threaded GPU trace.
 26. The system of claim 24, wherein thekernel includes a device access instruction to be executed by thehardware thread, and the GPU is to: determine one or more first registervalues of one or more respective first registers of a General-PurposeRegister File of the GPU; determine one or more second register valuesof one or more respective second registers of an Architectural RegisterFile of the GPU; and store the one or more first register values, theone or more second register values, one or more third register values,and the device access instruction in the long instruction trace, the oneor more third register values corresponding to one or more respectivedestination registers associated with the device access instruction. 27.The system of claim 22, wherein the CPU is to: determine a utilizationof the GPU based on the first GPU state; compare the utilization to athreshold; and in response to determining that the threshold has notbeen satisfied based on the comparison, cause at least one of anadjustment to the GPU routine or an increased number of computationaltasks to be executed by the GPU to control the workload of the GPU. 28.The system of claim 22, wherein the first routine is an instrumentedroutine including an emulation routine, further including anapplication, and the CPU is to: insert a first callback routine in theinstrumented routine before the emulation routine, the first callbackroutine to invoke a first application programming interface (API) toprovide the second GPU state to the application; and insert a secondcallback routine in the instrumented routine after the emulationroutine, the second callback routine to invoke the first API or a secondAPI to provide the first GPU state to the application. 29-35. (canceled)